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Introduction

The classic rhetoric figure structured by Quintillian in Greek is a science for of model that serves as a tool to communicate, express, and persuade. There are four fundamentals of rhetoric operations which also known as quadripartita ratio: addition, omission, permutation and transposition. The classic rhetoric operation started in nineteenth century BCE and is known in its greek forms: (addition – adiecto), (omission – detractio), (permutation – immutatio) and (transposition – transmutatio).

In addition, the four rhetoric operations are used for analysis in different context and was adapted as model in communication, it varies in different forms and figures and was used to interpret works through its style and operational use. Moreover, it is usually a device that functions in informing, persuading, teaching and arguing.

According to Frederick Crews there are four purposes of rhetorical operations: Narrate, describe, explain, and argument or convince. There are several ways a rhetoric can be used, it also enable authors to discuss a context in many forms. Ideally, it’s purpose is to express and explain a context indifferently by the use of varied figures. Rhetoric operations is otherwise known as (figures of speech).

Its relevance to communicating helps us to function in a conducive manner. It helps an individual strengthen his/her argument most specially in professional interactions. With the use of rhetoric, we can express and present ideas and thoughts, furthermore, it also determine the possible outcome of communication.

Rhetoric operations or figures of speech can be used in many functions, it is helpful in analysis argumentation, interpretation, and communication. The nature of rhetoric is centralized through public speaking in early Greek. However, it is used nowadays not just in speaking but also in writing. Definitely, Quintillian’s figure of speech created an impact to learning and still managed to pave way for modern use.

Schemes and Tropes are figures of Speech which involve an unusual or "figurative" use of language. A scam that uses a word in an unusual or unexpected way. Schema: A clever deviation from the usual arrangement of words.

Schemes are Figures of Speech related to word order, syntax, letters, and sounds, not word meanings. Parallelism When the author establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length. Schemes (from the Greek schēma, 'form or shape') are figures of speech that change the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition.

Where in classical rhetoric, a trope refers to a specific figure of speech or literary device. When you're reading a work of literature and start to recognize that the writer is making similar “moves” over and over, you're picking up on some of that writer's favored tropes. Tropes (from Greek trepein, 'to turn') change the general meaning of words.

Types of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech come in various of forms. The goal is to use language imaginatively to enhance the impact of what has been said.

She sells sea shells on the sea shore – Alliteration: because of the series of words that starts with the letter s at the beginning.

You’re like a flower in my eyes. – Simile: comparing two things hence with a similar quality with the use of the word “like” or “as”.

There is a million paper works that is given to me earlier. – Hyperbole: the use of words with exaggeration is considered to be hyperbole.

When I enter the room I was deafened in silence. – Irony: which is also known as sarcasm, is used to defined something that is totally opposite from it.

The boy burped loudly after he eats his dinner. – Onomatopoeia: is something that is describes with a sound.

SCHEMES AND TROPES

Kinds of Tropes Trope: An artful deviation from the ordinary or principal signification of a word. Reference to One Thing as Another Metaphor - Reference to one thing as another, implying a comparison. Simile - Explicit comparison of one thing to another. Synecdoche - A whole is represented by naming one of its parts. Metonymy - Reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes. Personification - Reference to abstractions or inanimate objects as though they had human qualities or abilities. Wordplay and puns Antanaclasis - Repetition of a word in two different senses. Paronomasia -Using words that sound alike but that differ in meaning (punning). Syllepsis - Using a word differently in relation to two or more words that it modifies or governs (sometimes called zeugma). Onomatopoeia - Use of words whose sound correspond with their semantic value.

Substitutions

Anthimeria - Substitution of one part of speech for another. Periphrasis - Substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name. Overstatement/Understatement Hyperbole -Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis or effect. Auxesis -Reference to something with a name disproportionately greater than its nature (a kind of hyberbole). Litotes - Understatement used deliberately. Meiosis -Reference to something with a name disproportionately lesser than its nature (a kind of litotes). Semantic Inversions Rhetorical Question - Asking a question for a purpose other than obtaining the information requested. Irony - Using language in such a way as to convey a meaning opposite of what the terms used denote (often by exaggeration). Oxymoron - Placing two ordinarily opposing terms adjacent to one another. A compressed paradox. Paradox - An apparently contradictory statement that contains a measure of truth.

Scheme - An artful deviation from the ordinary arrangement of words. A scheme is a creative alteration in the usual order of words. Kinds Of Schemes in Figures of Speech Structures of Balance

Parallelism - Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.

Isocolon - A series of similarly structured elements having the same length.

Tricolon - Three parallel elements of the same length occurring together.

Antithesis - Juxtaposition of contrasting ideas (often in parallel structure).

Climax Generally, the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance, often in parallel structure. Change in Word Order

Anastrophe Inversion of natural word order.

Parenthesis Insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow.

Apposition Addition of an adjacent, coordinate, explanatory element. Omission

Ellipsis Omission of a word or words readily implied by context.

Asyndeton Omission of conjunctions between a series of clauses.

Brachylogia Omission of conjunctions between a series of words.

(Polysyndeton) Opposite of asyndeton, a superabundance of conjunctions

Repetition

Alliteration Repetition of initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words.

Assonance Repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.

Polyptoton Repetition of words derived from the same root.

Antanaclasis Repetition of a word in two different senses.

Anaphora Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses.

Epistrophe Repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses.

Epanalepsis Repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause.

Anadiplosis Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. Climax Repetition of the scheme anadiplosis at least three times, with the elements arranged in an order of increasing importance.

Antimetabole Repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. (Sometimes mistaken as chiasmus)

Chiasmus Repetition of grammatical structures in reverse order in successive phrases or clauses (not to be mistaken with antimetabole).

See Also ·        Types of Speech ·        Idiomatic Expression ·        Rhetorical Devices ·        Stylistic Devices

References: https://leverageedu.com/blog/figures-of-speech/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech#Citations http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/Schemes%20and%20Tropes.htm