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This is my final draft for the Narcissistic Abuse article.

= Narcissistic Abuse = Narcissistic abuse is a form of emotional and psychological abuse projected by a narcissist on to another individual. Although narcissistic abuse is primarily focused on emotional and psychological abuse, there are other types of narcissistic abuse that can be classified in the in this category. These include abuses such as financial, spiritual, sexual, and physical. There is little to no information on narcissistic abuse specifically. [1][2]

Types of narcissistic abuse relationships
Narcissistic abuse can occur in any kind of relationship. It occurs within families and workplaces and in all age groups.Romantic Relationships

Narcissistic abuse occurs in adult-to-adult intimate relationships, where the narcissistic person seeks out an empathetic partner. They need an empathetic partner so they can gain self admiration and feelings of power and control. This is termed – narcissistic supply. The narcissist creates a dynamic abuser and victim relationship through a cycle of abuse resulting in traumatic bonding that makes it hard for their partner to leave the increasingly abusive relationship. Some believe people with codependent personality traits may unconsciously seek relationships with narcissists.[6][7]

The narcissists' relationships involve a period of intense attachment, involvement and idealization of their partner, followed by devaluation, and a rapid discarding of the partner.[8]  This scenario can cycle and can include ceasing communication with the former partner and then luring the partner back for another cycle of abuse instead of completely discarding the relationship.

At the beginning of a relationship (or at the beginning of a new cycle) with a narcissist, the partner is only shown the ideal self of the narcissist, which includes pseudo-empathy, kindness, and charm. Once the partner has committed to the relationship (e.g., through marriage or a business partnership), the true self of the narcissist will begin to emerge. The initial narcissistic abuse begins with belittling comments and grows to contempt, ignoring behavior, adultery, triangulation (forming any relationship triangles), sabotage, and, at times, physical abuse.[6]

At the core of a narcissistic abuser is a combination of entitlement and low self-esteem. These feelings of inadequacy are projected onto the victim. If the narcissistic person is feeling unattractive they will belittle their romantic partner's appearance. If the narcissist makes an error, this error becomes the partner's fault.[9] Narcissists also engage in insidious, manipulative abuse by giving subtle hints and comments that result in the victim questioning their own behavior and thoughts. This is termed gaslighting.[10] Another common abusive tactic is underhanded public humiliation, when the narcissist says something seemingly neutral but offensive to the victim and enjoys the emotional reaction. This is called dog-whistling. Any slight criticism of the narcissist, whether actual or perceived, often triggers narcissistic rage and full-blown annihilation from the narcissistic person. This can take the form of screaming tirades, silent treatment or quiet sabotage (setting traps, refusing communication, hiding belongings, spreading rumors, etc.).

The discard phase can be swift and occurs once the narcissistic supply is obtained elsewhere. In romantic relationships, the narcissistic supply can be acquired by having affairs. The new partner is in the idealization phase and only witnesses the ideal self; thus once again the cycle of narcissistic abuse begins. Narcissists do not take responsibility for relationship difficulties and exhibit no feelings of remorse. Instead they believe themselves to be the victim in the relationship[11] as because of their self-debasing projections, their partner can only ever fail to meet their expectations.

A research study published in the International Journal of Research studies in psychology published a qualitative study based on the points of view of those who believed their romantic partners to be narcissistic abusers.

The synopsis of the results is best quoted directly from the research study: “The core category/issue that emerged from the data was problems in self-esteem of the abuser. According to the data, the exercise of power, maladjustment, immorality, lack of the sense of reality, and need for manipulation appeared as manifestations of serious problems in self-esteem (Määttä, 2009). Self-esteem is a salient part of personality affecting the functioning of one’s ego. Self-esteem includes the feelings of self-respect, self-appreciation, self-acceptance, and self-proficiency. Furthermore, the desire for self-esteem results from a fundamental need for psychological security, which is engendered by people’s awareness of their own vulnerability and mortality (Greenberg, 2008).” The stories of the victims seem to narcissistic abusers have issues in all these areas which then reflects in their behavior. Self-Esteem is considered to be a core reason for their behaviors.

http://www.sakkyndig.com/psykologi/artvit/marju2012.pdf

Parent-child/Family Relationships
Parent-Child and any family relationship is based on the same principals of a narcasstic abuser as were discussed in the Romantc Relationship section. The narcissist needs validation of self and feelings of power and control. Results of research show that misbehavior in their children, for example, may provoke them to physically and emotionally abuse them because their self-centeredness and deficiencies in empathy may make them believe the child’s misbehavior is a direct rebuke of their authority.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213403000346

The same can be true for any family members, although the dynamic between siblings, for example, is different than that between a parent and their child.

Workplace
https://blogs.psychcentral.com/recovering-narcissist/2017/07/bullied-by-narcissists-at-work-3-ways-narcissistic-co-workers-sabotage-you/

Research suggests that narcissistic abusers can and do climb the corporate ladder more readily and are able to charm and gain trust from other co-workers and management to do so.

One study even showed that managers had three times the rate of the disorder than the general population (Lipman, 2018). Nathan Brooks (2016), another researcher who studies psychopathy in the workplace notes, “Typically psychopaths create a lot of chaos and generally tend to play people off against each other…for psychopaths,  it [corporate success] is a game and they don’t mind if they violate morals. It is about getting where they want in the company and having dominance over others.” This is a typical pattern of narcissistic abusers

Citation:  Lipman, V. (2018, December 03). The Disturbing Link Between Psychopathy And Leadership. Retrieved June 21, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/victorlipman/2013/04/25/the-disturbing-link-between-psychopathy-and-leadership/#610701084104

Narcissistic abusers charm others to climb up the ladder and undermine co-workers in various ways to push them down. They covertly sabotage others by unethical means. They may even have these tendencies in their personal relationships outside of work.

According to the Workplace Bullying Institute, harassment, intimidation, and covert coercion at work “is akin to domestic violence at work, where the abuser is on the payroll.” This form of covert abuse occurs more frequently than we might assume. Dr. Martha Stout (2004) estimates that 1 in 25 Americans are sociopaths, which is an alarmingly large number considering that many workplaces reward narcissistic and sociopathic traits. Research indicates that as many as 75% of workers have been affected by workplace bullying, either as a target or a witness (Fisher-Blando, 2008).

Viewpoints
21st century transactional analysis has highlighted clients who suffered some narcissistic abuse as children (that is, an injury to their developing selves), examining for instance the boy in an all-female household who only survived by developing powerful emotional antennae in order to respond to the emotional needs of his mother and sister.[13]


 * Post-Jungians have explored the after-effects of an intense narcissistic wound resulting from an oppressively unempathetic parent.[14] In particular, Polly Young-Eisendrath emphasises how the narcissistic longings of mothers (or fathers) to amass reflected glory through their children...can bring disastrous results for mother and child if both lose their capacity for autonomous development.[15]


 * Object relations theory for its part stresses both that the most traumatizing experience of all is the absence of emotional giving from a mother or father, and that, in an intergenerational pattern, people who have been brought up by tyrannical authoritarian parents will often parent their children in the same way.[16] Adam Phillips adds that the mother who colonizes her child and stifles gestures of autonomy and difference breeds in him or her an often unconscious craving for the dead-end justice of revenge.[17]


 * In another tradition, Julia Kristeva points out how a pairing of mothers and fathers, overprotective and uneasy, who have chosen the child as a narcissistic artificial limb and keep incorporating that child as a restoring element for the adult psyche intensifies the infant's tendency toward omnipotence.[18]


 * M. Scott Peck looked at milder but nonetheless destructive common forms of parental narcissism, as well as the depth of confusion produced by his mother's narcissism in a more serious instance.[19]


 * Modern Theories: Current point of view of modern psychiatrists believe that today’s society is a fault for the increase in narcisstic abuse because society promotes competitiveness. Many features of narcissism be sources of success in the modern competitive society. The question is that to what extent the opportunistic abilities to bring out one’s own proficiency and constantly strive for the better result in trample on other people and having an irresponsible and insensitive attitude to other people (see e.g. Lucher, Houston, Walker, & Alex Houston, 2011).

Antecedents: Ferenczi
Main article: Sándor Ferenczi

The roots of current concern with narcissistic abuse can be traced back to the later work of Sándor Ferenczi, which helped to shape modern psychoanalytic theories of "schizoid," "narcissistic," and "borderline" personality disorders.[20]

In "Confusion of Tongues Between Adults and the Child", Ferenczi observed that patients often displayed "a striking, almost helpless compliance and willingness to accept my interpretations" even if he encouraged them not to agree with him.[21]

Within such distorted patterns of parent/child interaction, 'Ferenczi believed the silence, lies, and hypocrisy of the caregivers were the most traumatic aspects of the narcissistic  abuse'—ultimately producing what he called 'narcissistic mortification'.[23]

Kohut, Horney, and Miller
A half-century later, in the wake of Kohut's innovative pronouncement that the age of "normal narcissism" and normal narcissistic entitlement had arrived[25]. Thus, healthy narcissism is based on true self-esteem that the narcissists totally lack (Hotchkiss, 2005.) Put shortly, narcissism turns into illness when it affects human relationships and healthy narcissism negatively (Ryynänen, 2008). Thus, healthy narcissism is based on true self-esteem that the narcissists totally lack (Hotchkiss, 2005.) Put shortly, narcissism turns into illness when it affects human relationships and healthy narcissism negatively (Ryynänen, 2008).

Alice Miller lays special emphasis on the process of reproduction of narcissistic abuse, the idea that love relations and relations to children are repetitions[29] of previous narcissistic distortions. Miller's early work in particular was very much in line with Kohut's tale of deficits in empathy and mirroring, with a stress on the way adults revisit and perpetuate the narcissistic wounds of their own early years[30] in an intergenerational cycle of narcissistic abuse. In Miller's view, when abused for the sake of adults' needs, children could develop an amazing ability to perceive and respond intuitively, that is, unconsciously, to this need of the mother, or of both parents, for him to take on the role that had unconsciously been assigned to him.[31]

Maatta, Uusiautti & Maatta
In 2011 Maata, Uusiautti & Matta published a study with an indication that modern society may shape the patterns of narcissistic abuse. The ideas of pleasing your self first, taking care of yourself, climbing the ladder and general success in life are desired traits.

And the explanation for the increase in narcissistic disorders may at least partly be found in societal development as competitiveness, individualism, and opportunism are admired – those exact features that are often typical of narcissists (Myllärniemi, 2006).

http://www.sakkyndig.com/psykologi/artvit/marju2012.pdf