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In 2015, California had a prison population of 129,593, which was lower than the peak prison population of 173,942 in 2006. Beginning in 2006, when the prison population in California was at its peak, the state used out-of-state facilities to house inmates. California's prison population in 2015 made up roughly 9.74% of the United States' total prison population, making up the second largest contribution to the country's prison population (second to Texas which contributed 12.32%).

The state of California also relies on private and leased prisons. The number of California prisoners in private out of state facilities is around 8,763 and 4,170 are housed in leased facilities within the state. The Corrections Corporation of America leases the California City Correctional Center. The GEO Group is another private owner of facilities in California, such as the Golden State Modified Community Correctional Facility.