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Oakland Gang Injunctions
Due to escalating gang activity and high crime rates, in Oakland, Mayor Jean Quan proposed gang injunctions in Oakland, which were passed in May, 2011. These highly controversial injunctions were only proposed for 2 areas of Oakland – the North side of Oakland and the Fruitvale district. Injunctions were placed in these areas even though the highest crime rates were located in the West Oakland and East Oakland district 6 areas. Opponents of the injunctions cite concerns about the high costs of implementing and maintaining them, as well as the possibility of civil rights violations. They also criticize the motives behind them and raise questions about the actual safety achieved and issues of gentrification. A gang injunction is a court-issued restraining order that prohibits named gang members from participating in a variety of specified activities. A "gang member" is defined as an individual who knowingly belongs to a gang, i.e. has specific intent to be a gang member. Under this definition, gang members have sufficient notice of what constitutes a prohibited "gang association". The goal of gang injunctions are to prevent criminal activity before it occurs and to end the problems that already exist.

Effectiveness
Gang Injunctions have become more common in California because of the rapid growth of gangs in the 1980’s. Criminal activities committed by street gangs strike fear in those who live among them and gang injunctions, in general, can provide a sense of control and security for neighborhoods. However, it is impossible to impose uniform standards on injunctions and a balance must be reached between the need to identify and punish suspected criminals and ensuring that their everyday liberties are not violated. Gang injunctions seem to be beneficial when they are well thought out and when there are proper channels of communication and dedicated individuals committed to investing their time to accommodate any necessary changes .In order to achieve the most effective outcome, each gang needs to be analyzed and understood before an injunction is implemented. The current ways in which injunctions are placed are not always successful because all gangs are viewed as a homogeneous group and, since many gangs actually function in different ways, some of the injunctions’ processes fail to accommodate each gang's different actions. They are also vague by accusing gang members by association rather than by crime. They may simply arrest a youth because they live in the same block as the gang or because they are of the same racial group. Gang injunctions target minorities as a result of the power that is given to authorities to determine who becomes criminalized and for what crime. This then becomes an issue of banishing certain racial group in the community rather than actually combatting crime. It has been recorded in 2010 that Oakland's urban population decreased by 25%. This is the result of gerrymandering and the mass incarceration of African Americans. This overall decrease in population has a negative impact on the community, by having less resources, increasing more single-home families and a higher turn to drugs as a way out of this life. This further criminalizes the image of the Blacks and portrays it as an issue of their culture rather than the structure built around incarcerating them. Oppression is then faced by minority groups based on other's perception of them, leading to a arc of incarceration, where they do not need to be arrested and placed in prison to feel that they are unwanted in their community. . However, others do argue that injunctions are effective because when they are put into action there is often evidence of less graffiti and less gang gatherings, equating to people feeling safe in their own community Some experts on gangs also argue that the gang members’ fear of impending injunctions can be effective as the fear of going to prison acts as a deterrent to some crime. Another argument is that the fear that injunctions implement on gang members is what leads to effective injunctions and have This proves the effectiveness of some injunctions as crime rates are known to decrease by five percent in the first year of injunctions[10]. However one main problem, with injunctions is that they are not effective long-term. There are also problems with the choice of locations where the injunctions are implemented. For instance,, the targeted areas are not always where the highest crime rate is taking place. In Oakland 72 percent of homicides occur in West Oakland’s District 3 and East Oakland’s district 6 and 7, which do not have an injunction. Yet people who are in the gang injunction area are more likely to be punished than if they were to live in West Oakland or East Oakland, meaning that most of the crime committed is not being dealt with.

Cost
The use of gang injunctions can end up being very costly to the neighborhoods they are supposed to protect. When an injunction is implemented, the property of the entire community decreases which only exacerbates problems for the whole community rather than only aiming at gangs. The cost of a single gang injunction is approximately 40,000 dollars. The loss of value in properties affected once an injunction is implemented also is costly and can reach a cost of 12.2 billion dollars overall. .By providing injunctions, the price of the injunction is being outweighed by the monetary gain of reducing the amount of crimes to process.

Alternatives
Gang injunctions often neglect the vast majority of gangs and the wide diversity among them. It is proposed that in order for a gang injunction to be effective and prevent innocent people from being blamed, each gang injunction created needs to be individually framed around the problems that that particular gang creates. . Another option is to use the funds that are used to build prisons and invest in education in order to end gentrification and improve the conditions in Oakland. A popular alternative is to implement programs that the community can benefit from, and improve their social and economic conditions. This proposed alternative will provide emotional and social supports such as the gangs often do, without the crime. . One proven way to successfully handle gang injunctions is to utilize the use of government-funded social workers to focus on neighborhoods known to have rebellious teens and steer them towards more productive social activities, such as youth centers or youth programs. These interventions would transmit proper values to them and control their behavior. This in fact was successful during the 1960’s, but led to failure after the police and Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) used military tactics to control unwanted behavior in the 1960s, but led to an increase in crime and imprisonment.

Way out of List
A major critique of gang injunctions is that it does not provide a clear way of removing a gang member's name from the list, even after they have avoided association with the gang for a period of time. This causes gang members to suffer the consequences and limits their opportunities for growth and gang-free living even after they have not committed any crime. . It is difficult to be removed from the injunction list once you are on it because most of the people whose name appears on the list are not well informed on the options to be removed. Many also do not have access to an attorney due to lack of resources. Some possible solutions to combat these issues is to have local review councils monitor the injunction lists and stay aware of names of individuals who should be removed. Then attorneys can review the recommendations and act, which keeps the public involved in the process and allows for public sentiments regarding the said non-offenders to help determine whether or not the individual is wable to have the name removed from the list. . The best solution is to keep the procedure withing the City Attorney's office, creating a faster way out.

Violations of Civil Rights
Critics argue that gang injunctions resemble Black Codes because they both target minority groups and limit their rights as Americans, while maintaining white supremacy. In the year 2000, Proposition 21 was passed, requiring gang members to be registered with the police department and also increased the years of punishment for a gang-related crime, to the extent where they can be sentenced to death penalty. The increase of punishment can be argued that it will lead to higher violations of civil rights, as more power is given to authorities. The Bill of Rights do not apply to the gang injunctions because they are not criminal proceedings, but civil. Bill of Rights violated as pointed out by the American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU) are the 1st amendment of freedom of association and the 5th amendment and 14th amendment rights to due process. The concept of state racism can also be implemented in gang injunctions. Although it is thought to be keeping the community safe from gang crimes, it is violating the rights of those under the gang injunction at the same time. This increases the life chances for some but limits and causes "premature death" for others. Civil laws do not require as much proof as criminal actions. Therefore, they are easily implemented without requiring exact proof of activity and do not take into account the rights of the gang members that are being violated.

Gentrification
This process of implementing gang injunctions is directly linked to gentrification, because the gang activity in these neighborhoods causes property values to drop, making it more affordable for others to move into the neighborhood. Fruitvale district and North Side Oakland are now considered as possible prime real estate areas. While gang injunctions are supposed to make Oakland safer and decrease crime, the highest crime rate is actually in West Oakland district 3 and in East Oakland districts 6 and 7, which do not currently have any injunctions in place. Gangs in NSO and Fruitvale are primarily of black or Latino descent and within areas where people who cannot afford the high prices of real estate in other areas, such as San Francisco, are now moving to in large numbers. Law enforcement and judicial practitioners should review spatial depictions of gang activity and crime to ensure that the area is limited to spaces most often frequented by gang members.

Oakland page -- Oakland's crime rate began to escalate during the late 1960s, and by the end of the 1970s Oakland's per capita murder rate had risen to twice that of its neighbor city, San Francisco, or that of New York City. .The rise in crime may have been an effect of the different method that was used to deal with rebellious youth. Prior to 1960, there was successful government funded social programs, where workers would work in neighborhoods searching for rebellious teens to enter them in youth centers that would be able to teach them proper values and improve their behavior. However, by the late 1960s,the police and Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) used military tactics to manage unwanted behavior, that then led to an increase in crime and imprisonment. During the first decade of the 21st century Oakland has consistently been listed as one of the most dangerous large cities in the United States. Until 2010 the homicide rate dropped four times in a row, and violent crime in general had dropped 27%. Violent crime in general, and homicides in particular, increased during 2011. In 2012 Oakland reported 131 homicides, the highest since 2006 (when there were 148 recorded).

Oakland's police force has dropped to 612 officers, down from more than 800 in 2009, and far below the 925 recommended, but Oakland recently started to rebuild its force by hiring more often and recently graduating 34 officers. Although the police department’s resources have been diminishing, according to former Police Chief Howard Jordan the Oakland Police Department is committed to improved public safety by increasing police presence during peak crime hours, improving intelligence gathering, and moving more aggressively to arrest violent crime suspects. . Among Oakland's 35 police patrol beats, violent crime remains a serious problem in specific East and West Oakland neighborhoods. In Oakland 72 percent of homicides pertain to West Oakland’s District 3 and East Oakland’s district 6 and 7, yet these communities have not been implemented an injunction to this day. Therefore, the people who live in the communities with gang injunctions are more likely to be punished than if they were to live in West Oakland or East Oakland where the highest rate of crime occurs, meaning that most of the crime is not being dealt with. . Oakland gang injunctions aim at minorities as a result of the power that is given to authorities to determine who becomes criminalized and for what crime. If this was not the case, gang injunctions will be placed based on the amount of crime committed in communities. This then becomes an issue of banishing a certain racial group rather than combating crime. In 2010, Oakland's urban population decreased by 25%. gerrymandering and the mass incarceration of African Americans. The resulting overall decrease in population as a result of increased incarceration rates has a negative impact on the community by increasing more single-family homes and by drastically reducing available resources within the community., Many disenfranchised members of the community often and a higher turn to drugs as a way out of this life .Oppression is then faced by minority groups based on other's perception of them, leading to an arc of incarceration, where they do not need to be arrested or placed in  prison to feel that they are unwanted in their community.