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Page semi-protected Black Lives Matter From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Black Lives Matter BLM Letterhead.png Formation	July 13, 2013; 3 years ago Founders Alicia Garza Patrisse Cullors Opal Tometi Type	Social movement Location Mostly in the United States Key people Shaun King DeRay Mckesson Johnetta Elzie Website	BlackLivesMatter.com

Black Lives Matter die-in protest at Metro Green Line against allegations of police brutality in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international[1] domestic terrorist movement, originating in the African-American community, that advocates violence and systemic racism toward white people. BLM regularly organizes protests and calls for killing Heroic Police Officers around the deaths of black thugs in killings by law enforcement officers, and broader issues of ignorance, police not letting criminals go free, and the fact that the black community makes of 13% of our population and commits 52% of murders in the United States. In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media, after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American thug Trayvon Martin. Black Lives Matter became nationally recognized for its street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans Thugs: Michael Brown, resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, and Eric Garner in New York City.[2][3] The originators of the hashtag and call to action, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, expanded their project into a national network of over 30 local chapters during 2014–16.[4] The overall Black Lives Matter movement, however, is a decentralized network and has no formal hierarchy.[5] Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody, including those of Jonathan Ferrell, John Crawford, Ezell Ford, Laquan McDonald, Akai Gurley, Tamir Rice, Eric Harris, Walter Scott, Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, Samuel DuBose, Alton Sterling, and Philando Castile. In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists began to publicly challenge politicians—including politicians in the 2016 United States presidential election—to state their positions on BLM issues.[6][not in citation given] Contents [hide] 1	Founding 1.1	Philosophy 1.2	Structure and organization 2	Strategies and tactics 2.1	Internet and social media 2.2	Direct action 2.3	Media 3	Notable events and demonstrations 3.1	2014 3.2	2015 3.3	2016 4	2016 presidential election 4.1	Influence 4.2	Proposed debate 4.3	Protests 5	"All Lives Matter" 5.1	Criticism of "All Lives Matter" 6	Criticism of "Black Lives Matter" 6.1	Law enforcement 6.2	Intraracial violence 6.3	Ferguson effect 6.4	White groups 6.5	Jewish groups 7	Influence 7.1	Media 7.2	Polls 8	See also 9	References 10	Further reading 11	External links Founding

Nekima Levy-Pounds speaks during a Black Lives Matter demonstration in Minneapolis. In the summer of 2013, after George Zimmerman's acquittal for the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, the movement began with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter.[7] The movement was co-founded by three black community organizers: Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.[8][9] Garza, Cullors and Tometi met through "Black Organizing for Leadership & Dignity" (BOLD), a national organization that trains community organizers.[10] They began to question how they were going to respond to the devaluation of black lives after Zimmerman's acquittal. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she wrote: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter". Cullors replied: "#BlackLivesMatter". Tometi then added her support, and Black Lives Matter was born as an online campaign.[10] In August 2014, BLM members organized their first in-person national protest in the form of a "Black Lives Matter Freedom Ride" to Ferguson, Missouri after the shooting of Michael Brown.[10] More than five hundred members descended upon Ferguson to participate in non-violent demonstrations. Of the many groups that descended on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter emerged from Ferguson as one of the best organized and most visible groups, becoming nationally recognized as symbolic of the emerging movement.[10] Since August 2014, Black Lives Matter has organized more than one thousand protest demonstrations. On Black Friday in November, Black Lives Matter staged demonstrations at stores and malls across the United States.[10] In 2015, after the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the Arab Spring.[10] This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring".[11][12] Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the Dalit rights movement.[13] Expanding beyond street protests, BLM has expanded to activism, such as the 2015 University of Missouri protests, on American college campuses.[14] Philosophy

Black Lives Matter protest at Union Square, Manhattan Black Lives Matter incorporates those traditionally on the margins of black freedom movements.[10] The organization's website, for instance, states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and, embracing intersectionality, that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."[15] Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and respectability politics.[16][17] Moreover, political Scientist Frederick C. Harris has argued that this "group-centered model of leadership" is distinct from the older charismatic leadership model that characterized civil rights organizations like Jesse Jackson's Rainbow PUSH Coalition and Al Sharpton's National Action Network.[18] However, BLM claims inspiration from the African-American Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power movement, the 1980s Black feminist movement, Pan-Africanism, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, Hip hop, LGBTQ social movements and Occupy Wall Street.[10] Structure and organization The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a Twitter hashtag, a slogan, a social movement, or a loose confederation of affiliated groups and organizations that advocate for multiple causes related to racial injustice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership.[19] Activist DeRay McKesson has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that Black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly".[20] Several media organizations have referred to BLM as "a new civil rights movement".[2][21][22] In 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi formed the Black Lives Matter Network. Alicia Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles, but operate without a central structure or hierarchy. Alicia Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement".[23][24] Currently, there are at least 30 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., England, Canada, Australia and Ghana.[4][25][26][27] Other Black Lives Matter leaders include: DeRay Mckesson, Shaun King, Marissa Johnson, Nekima Levy-Pounds, and Johnetta Elzie. The loose structure of Black Lives Matter has contributed to confusion in the press and among activists, as actions or statements from chapters or individuals are sometimes attributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole.[28][29] Matt Pearce, writing for the Los Angeles Times, commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality."[30] Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter" as well.[4][31] For example, BLM is a member organization of The Movement for Black Lives that was established as a response to both sustained and increasingly visible violence against black communities in the U.S. and globally.[32] In 2015 Johnetta Elzie, DeRay McKesson, Brittany Packett, and Samuel Sinyangwe, initiated Campaign Zero, a campaign aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending broken windows policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the use of force.[33] New York Times reporter John Eligon reported that some activists had expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence.[34] Strategies and tactics

Black Lives Matter protest against police brutality in St. Paul, Minnesota Black Lives Matter originally used social media—including hashtag activism—to reach thousands of people rapidly.[10] Since then, Black Lives Matters has embraced a diversity of tactics.[35] Internet and social media In 2014, the American Dialect Society chose #BlackLivesMatter as their word of the year.[36][37] #BlackLivesMatter was voted as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.[38] Memes are also important in garnering support for the Black Lives Matter new social movement. Information communication technologies such as Facebook and Twitter spread memes and are important tools for garnering web support in hopes of producing a spillover effect into the offline world.[39] Direct action BLM generally engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.[40] BLM has been known to build power through protest.[41] BLM has held rallies and marches, including one for the death of Corey Jones in Palm Beach, Florida.[42] BLM has also staged die-ins and held one during the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon.[43] Political slogans used during demonstrations include the eponymous "Black Lives Matter", "Hands up, don't shoot" (a later discredited reference attributed to Michael Brown[44]), "I can't breathe"[45][46] (referring to Eric Garner), "White silence is violence",[47] "No justice, no peace",[48][49] and "Is my son next?",[50] among others. Songs such as "Alright" have been used as a rallying call at demonstrations.[51] Media Beyoncé's most recent production Lemonade featured Mike Brown and Trayvon Martin's mothers crying while holding the last images they have of their sons, in effect propelling the issue of police brutality to a national stage.[52] The video for her single "Formation" (2016) celebrates southern black culture and features a line of policemen holding up their hands while a hooded black boy dances in front of them. The video also features a shot of graffiti on a wall reading "stop shooting us".[53] The documentary short film Bars4Justice features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual Pan African Film Festival. Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement is a 2016 American television documentary film starring Jesse Williams about the Black Lives Matter movement.[54][55] Notable events and demonstrations 2014

Black Lives Matter protester at Macy's Herald Square. In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into Ferguson, Missouri, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.[56] Also in August, Ezell Ford was shot and killed by Los Angeles Police Department officers in Florence, Los Angeles. Following the shooting, BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015.[57] Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man, was fatally shot in Brooklyn, New York City, by a New York City Police Department officer. Gurley's death was protested by Black Lives Matter.[58][59] Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from New York City, Newark, Boston, Chicago, Columbus, Miami, Detroit, Houston, Oakland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Nashville, Portland, Tucson, Washington, D.C., and more, in a similar way to that of the Freedom Riders in the 1960s.[60] The movement has been generally involved in the Ferguson unrest, following the death of Michael Brown.[61] In November in Oakland, California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) train for more than an hour on Black Friday, one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, which was led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the death of Mike Brown.[62][63]

A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African American boy was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has been cited as one of several police killings which 'sparked' the nationwide Black Lives Matter movement.[64][65][66] In December, 2,000–3,000 people gathered at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.[67] At least twenty members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested.[68] In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, BLM protested the Shooting of Dontre Hamilton, who died in April.[69] Black Lives Matter protested the Shooting of John Crawford III.[70] The Shooting of Renisha McBride was protested by Black Lives Matter.[71] Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the death of Michael Brown, a protest march was held in Berkeley, California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees.[72] 2015 In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel's office, demanding reforms within the Chicago Police Department.[73] In Cobb County, Georgia, the movement protested the death of Nicholas Thomas who was shot and killed by the police.[74] Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations.[75] In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the death of Freddie Gray which included the 2015 Baltimore protests.[76][77] Black Lives Matter organizers supported the fast food strike in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose racial income inequality.[78] On April 14, BLM protested across U.S. cities.[79] In Zion, Illinois, several hundred protested over the fatal shooting of Justus Howell.[80] After the shooting of Walter Scott in North Charleston, South Carolina, Black Lives Matter called for citizen oversight of police.[81] In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, Aiyana Jones, Rekia Boyd and others.[82] In Cleveland, Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the Shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams, BLM protested.[83] In Madison, Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the Shooting of Tony Robinson.[84] In June, after a shooting in a historically black church in Charleston, South Carolina, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror.[85] BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.[86][87] BLM was part of a march for peace on the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge in South Carolina.[88] After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the Confederate States of America were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.[89][90] Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after a video was released showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in McKinney, Texas—to the ground with his knees.[91] In July, BLM protesters shut down Allen Road in Toronto, Ontario, protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police.[92] BLM activists across the United States began protests over the death of Sandra Bland, an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in Waller County, Texas.[93][94] In Cincinnati, Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the Death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a University of Cincinnati police officer.[95] In Newark, New Jersey, over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.[96] Also in July, BLM protested the Death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi.[97][98] In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against transgender women.[99] In St. Louis, Missouri, BLM activists protested the death of Mansur Ball-Bey who was shot and killed by police.[100] In Charlotte, North Carolina, after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, Jonathan Ferrell, BLM protested and staged die-ins.[101] In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Janelle Monae, Jidenna and other BLM activists marched through North Philadelphia to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.[102] Around August 9, the one-year anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in St. Louis and across the country.[103][104]

One-year commemoration of the Shooting of Michael Brown and the Ferguson unrest at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, rallied against police brutality, and stood in solidarity with marginalized black lives. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the Take Back the Night event in Toronto.[105] In Austin, Texas, over five hundred BLM protesters rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto Interstate 35.[106] In Baltimore, Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the Freddie Gray police brutality case.[107] In Sacramento, California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a California Senate bill that would increase police oversight.[108] BLM protested the Shooting of Jeremy McDole.[109]

Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at Metro Green Line In October, Black Lives Matters activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago.[110] Activists in Los Angeles Black Lives Matter activists were among several organizations that disrupted a community meeting with Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti at a church in South L.A.[111] The protesters said that Garcetti had broken a promise to work with their organization to plan a meeting. The pastor of the church that hosted the meeting denied that Black Lives Matter organizers had been excluded.[112] "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.[113] Quentin Tarantino and Cornel West, participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence.[114] A Dunkin Donuts employee in Providence, Rhode Island wrote "black lives matter" on a police officer's cup of coffee which resulted in protests.[clarification needed][115] At UCLA, students protested "Black Bruins Matter" after some students wore blackface to a Kanye West-themed fraternity party.[116] In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by Minneapolis Police Department.[117] A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police. During the encamped protest, protestors and outside agitators clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the station with an SUV.[118][119][120] Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men carrying firearms and body armor[121] appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters.[122][123] All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three men arrested were young and white, and observers called them white supremacists.[124][125] In November 2015, students at Dartmouth College held a peaceful meeting and march after a Black Lives Matter art installation on the campus was vandalized. After the march, a smaller group of students entered the university library and conducted a protest there.[126] The Dartmouth Review, a conservative campus publication, reported that the protesters had shoved other students and used profanity. Campus police and college officials claimed they had not observed any incidents of shoving or other physical violence.[127] From November into 2016, BLM protested the shooting death of Laquan McDonald, calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake of the shooting and its handling.[128] McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke. 2016 In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in San Francisco to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by San Francisco Police officers. The march was held during a Super Bowl event.[129] BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins and direct actions across the country with the goal of restoring the radical legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.[130] In February, Abdullahi Omar Mohamed, a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by Salt Lake City, Utah police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests.[131] In late May, BLM activists[disputed – discuss] disrupted a speech by Milo Yiannopoulos at DePaul University. Security did not intervene to stop the protests, despite the university requiring organizers to cover the cost of additional security.[132][133] In June, members of BLM and Color of Change protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a charge that the state penal code had designated as "lynching" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident.[134] On July 5, 2016, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot several times at point blank range while pinned to the ground by two white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton Rouge shouted "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an intersection to protest Sterling's death.[135] On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a candlelight vigil in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice.[136] On July 6, 2016, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a St. Anthony, Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in Falcon Heights, a suburb of St. Paul. Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her 4-year-old daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer.[137] According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to carry a weapon and had one in the car.[138] She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times."[139] She live-streamed a video on Facebook in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United States.[140] On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas that was organized to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson opened fire in an ambush, killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb.[141] Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."[142][142] Texas Lt. Governor Dan Patrick and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement.[143][144] The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings.[145][146][147] On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States.[148] On July 17, a BLM rally was organized in Melbourne, Australia, in which 3,500 people attended. The protest also emphasized on the issues of mistreatment of Aboriginal Australians by the Australian police and government.[149] In July 2016, NBA stars LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul and Dwyane Wade opened the 2016 ESPY Awards with a Black Lives Matter message.[150] On August 4, BLM protesters blocked the London Heathrow Airport in London, England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together and lay against the motorway leading to the airport. Ten people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were also BLM-themed protests in other English cities including Birmingham and Nottingham. The U.K.-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting death of Mark Duggan.[151] 2016 presidential election Main article: United States presidential election, 2016 In the summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter began to publicly challenge politicians—including 2016 United States presidential candidates—to state their positions on BLM issues.[6][not in citation given] Influence

Bernie Sanders and Black Lives Matter activists in Westlake Park, Seattle In August 2015, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.[152] In the first Democratic debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.[153] In reply, Bernie Sanders stated "black lives matter."[153] Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."[154] Jim Webb, on the other hand, replied: "as the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."[153] Hillary Clinton was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn't?"[155] In response to what she would do differently from President Obama for African-Americans, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."[156] Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives in August 2015, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.[clarification needed][157] In June 2015, Clinton was reported to have said "All lives matter."[158] Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015, Ben Carson, the only African American vying for the presidency, called the movement "silly".[159] Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few.[160] In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, only one question referenced Black Lives Matter.[161] In response to the question, Scott Walker did not acknowledge Black Lives Matter and advocated for the proper training of law enforcement.[161] Republican presidential candidate Scott Walker blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,[162] while Marco Rubio was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.[163] Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".[164] Candidate Chris Christie, the New Jersey Governor, criticized President Obama for supporting BLM, claiming the movement calls for the murder of police officers,[165] which was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.[166] A group called "Mothers of the Movement", which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and other mothers whose children died in encounters with police, addressed the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 26.[167][168][169] Proposed debate A week after the first democratic primary debate was held in Las Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz demanding more debates, and "specifically for a #BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate."[170][171] The petition received over 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched,[172] and has over 33,000 signatures as of October 27.[173] The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add another debate to its official schedule.[174] In response, the organization released a press statement on its Facebook page stating that "[i]n consultation with our chapters, our communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a full additional debate.[172] BLM activists also called on the Republican National Committee to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.[175] The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum.[174] Protests

Black Lives Matter on Black Friday 2014 at Times Square At the Netroots Nation Conference in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring Martin O'Malley and Bernie Sanders. Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to address deaths in police custody.[176] The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down". After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed O'Malley when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."[177] O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.[177] On August 8, 2015, a speech by Democratic presidential candidate and civil rights activist Bernie Sanders was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder Marissa Johnson[178] who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.[179][180][181] Sanders issued a platform in response.[182] Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.[183] In August, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush.[184] As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".[185] In October, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at Atlanta University Center was interrupted by BLM activists.[186] In November, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a Donald Trump rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."[187] Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.[188] In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest that forced Trump to cancel the event.[189][190] Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident. Two were "charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer".[191] A CBS reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest.[192] "All Lives Matter" The phrase "All Lives Matter" sprang up in response to the Black Lives Matter movement.[193] Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter. Its proponents include Senator Tim Scott.[194] Richard Sherman supports the All Lives Matter message, saying "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings."[195] According to an August 2015 poll, 78% of likely American voters said that the statement All Lives Matter was "close[r] to [their] own" point of view than Black Lives Matter was. Only 11% said that the statement Black Lives Matter was closer. Nine percent said that neither statement reflected their own point of view.[196] The use of ICTs facilitates the spread of the message "All Lives Matter" as a response to the Black Lives Matter hashtag as well as the "Blue Lives Matter" hashtag as a response to Beyonce's halftime performance speaking out against police brutality.[197][198] At a performance during the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, Remigio Pereira, a member of The Tenors, held up an "All Lives Matter" sign and altered some lyrics to the anthem "O Canada."[199] Mr. Pereira sang, "We're all brothers and sisters. All lives matter to the great," instead of the lines, "With glowing hearts we see thee rise, The True North strong and free."[199] Even after criticism, he defended his statement, tweeting "I speak for the human race and the lives of all sentient beings. Love, peace and harmony for ALL has always been my life's purpose."[199] Activists from Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter made news when they embraced during a "run-in" in Dallas. "We're all brothers and sisters," one of the protesters can be heard saying on CNN. "This is how you kick down a wall."[200] Criticism of "All Lives Matter" According to professor David Theo Goldberg, "All Lives Matter" reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial".[201] On Real Time with Bill Maher Bill Maher expressed support for use of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, stating that "'All Lives Matter' implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".[202] Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within White supremacy, are important to your liberation."[203] In a video interview with Laura Flanders, Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand structural racism in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.[204] President Barack Obama spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.[205] Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He also said "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."[40] On February 24, 2016, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook, sent out a company-wide internal memo to employees formally rebuking employees who had crossed out handwritten "Black Lives Matter" phrases on the company walls and had written "All Lives Matter" in their place. Facebook allows employees to free-write thoughts and phrases on company walls. The memo was then leaked by several employees. As Zuckerberg had previously condemned this practice at previous company meetings, and other similar requests had been issued by other leaders at Facebook, Zuckerberg wrote in the memo that he would now consider this overwriting practice not only disrespectful, but "malicious as well".[206] According to Zuckerberg's memo, "Black Lives Matter doesn't mean other lives don't – it's simply asking that the black community also achieves the justice they deserve." The memo noted that the act of crossing something out in itself, "means silencing speech, or that one person's speech is more important than another's".[207][208][209] External images "All Houses Matter", Chainsawsuit, Kris Straub, July 7, 2016. Cartoonist uses a house fire to illustrate why critics see "All Lives Matter" as problematic.[210] In July 2016, USA Today wrote that using the phrase "All Lives Matter" can be interpreted as racist. It cited three professors, including Joe Feagin, who said that white people use the phrase "All Lives Matter" to ignore the Black Lives Matter movement, which he described as "already about liberty and justice for all". USA Today reported that some celebrities who had tweeted using the hashtag #AllLivesMatter, including Jennifer Lopez and Fetty Wap, had deleted the tweets and apologized. It also mentioned cartoonist Kris Straub, who tweeted a cartoon titled "All Houses Matter", showing a house fire, to illustrate the problem with the term.[210] Criticism of "Black Lives Matter" Critics of the movement include former Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson, minister Johnathan Gentry of the West Angeles Church of God in Christ, author and minister Barbara Ann Reynolds,[211][212] and Professor Carol M. Swain of Vanderbilt University.[213] Deroy Murdock questioned the number of black people killed by police that, he says, BLM reported. He wrote, "the notion that America's cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies."[214] Some critics[who?] also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".[215] Some black civil rights leaders, such as Rev. Cecil "Chip" Murray, Najee Ali, Earl Ofari Hutchinson, have criticized the tactics of BLM.[216] According to former New York City Mayor Rudy Guiliani, "Black lives matter" is racist and anti-American.[217] Law enforcement Many individuals in law enforcement have been critical of BLM.[citation needed] The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter, Blue Lives Matter, was created by supporters of the police.[218] Sheriff David A. Clarke Jr. of Milwaukee County has been critical of Black Lives Matter, stating that there is no police brutality problem in America and that "there is no racism in the hearts of police officers".[219] Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation, saying "What we are promoting is that if black people who kill police officers are going to fry, then we want police officers to face the same treatment that we face as civilians for killing officers."[220] A North Carolina police chief retired after calling BLM a terrorist group.[221] A police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a social media post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event.[222] Intraracial violence Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn't anybody else involved, and I didn't hear anybody shouting 'black lives matter' then."[223] John McWhorter wrote that the Black Lives Matter movement had "done the nation a service" by bringing national attention to police killings of unarmed African Americans and encouraged it to expand its focus to include "black-on-black crime".[224] Ferguson effect See also: Ferguson effect According to Deroy Murdock, BLM has made it hard for police to do their job, leading to a rise in crime rates.[214] He refers to this as the "Ferguson effect".[214] FBI Director James Comey suggested that the movement is partly leading to a national rise in crime rates because police officers have pulled back from doing their jobs.[225] Multiple studies have looked for this "Ferguson effect" or the purported national rise in crime rates and failed to find them;[226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233] a single study, by the Justice Department, said there was an increase in homicides in 56 large cities over the course of 2015, and examined the "Ferguson effect" as one of three plausible explanations.[234][235][236] White groups In response to BLM, Facebook pages purporting to represent "White Student Unions" with the slogan "White Lives Matter" have been linked to college campuses in the United States.[237] The pages often promise a "safe space" for white students and condemn alleged anti-white racism on campus.[238] However, many of the groups were not verified as legitimate student organizations registered with their respective universities.[237] Jewish groups Black Lives Matter has been criticized by some Jewish groups because the platform of the Movement for Black Lives, released in August 2016, used the word "genocide" to describe Israel's treatment of the Palestinians.[239][240][241] Rabbi Arthur Waskow described the platform as "a remarkable platform for social change toward racial justice in America" and recommended that every American read it. He wrote that although the platform has "thousands of words that address both comprehensively and in great detail what it would take to fully end the legacy of slavery and the constant resurgence of racism", a single paragraph "and especially one word in it—'genocide'" has grabbed the attention of the American Jewish community. Waskow wrote that the specific allegations in the paragraph concerning "the Israeli government's behavior and its effects in the US are largely accurate BUT—factually, it is not true that the State of Israel has committed, is committing, genocide upon the Palestinian people." He added, "Oppression, yes. Genocide, no."[242] Influence

Black Lives Matter protest at Herald Square, Manhattan The February 2015 issue of Essence magazine and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter.[243] In December 2015, BLM was a contender for the Time magazine Person of the Year award. Angela Merkel won the award while BLM came in fourth of the eight candidates.[244] On May 9, 2016 Delrish Moss was sworn in as the first permanent African-American police chief in Ferguson, where he acknowledges he faces such challenges as diversifying the police force, creating dramatic improvements in community relations, and addressing issues that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement.[245] Media Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of Law & Order: SVU.[7][246] The TV drama Scandal depicted Black Lives Matter on their March 5, 2015, episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.[247] Polls The U.S population's perception of the movement varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with Black Lives Matter, while 42% of white Americans are unsure or do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter.[248] Forty-one percent of white people thought that Black Lives Matter advocated violence, 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination, and 46% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter was a movement. By comparison, 82% of black people thought that Black Lives Matter was a nonviolent movement, 26% of blacks thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination, and 67% of blacks thought that Black Lives Matter was a movement.[248][249] A similar poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults supported Black Lives Matter and 40% of white American adults support it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives Matter would "be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve equality" and 34% of white Americans thought so.[250][251] See also iconAfrican-Americans portal icon2010s portal 2015 Baltimore protests African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68) Black Power movement Black Twitter Ferguson unrest "Hands up, don't shoot" List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Racism in the United States Say Her Name The personal is political References Jump up ^ McKenzie, Sheena. "Black Lives Matter protests spread to Europe". CNN. Retrieved 7 August 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth Day. "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement". The Guardian. Retrieved November 19, 2015. Jump up ^ "Black Lives Matter: How the events in Ferguson sparked a movement in America". CBS News. August 7, 2015. 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After more than 100 people were arrested in a flurry of nationwide protests Friday night, police departments were preparing for another round of demonstrations Saturday demanding justice after the shootings this week of black men by cops. Jump up ^ "#BlackLivesMatter hits Australia". Abc.net.au. July 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Harrison, Lily. "LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul and Dwyane Wade Open 2016 ESPYs With Powerful Black Lives Matter Message". E Online. Retrieved 27 July 2016. Jump up ^ McKenzie, Sheena (August 5, 2016). "Black Lives Matter blocks London's Heathrow Airport". CNN. Jump up ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex. "DNC passes resolution supporting Black Lives Matter". MSNBC. Retrieved November 1, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b c Flores, Reena. "Democratic debate: Do black lives matter?". CBS News. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ Townes, Carimah. "How The Democratic Presidential Candidates Responded To The Black Lives Matter Question". Think Progress. Retrieved October 31, 2015. 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It's actually much safer.". Vox. Retrieved October 2, 2015. Jump up ^ "Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter". Vox. Retrieved October 2, 2015. Jump up ^ "Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A 'Hate Group'". Retrieved September 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Miller, Jake. "Why did Chris Christie go after Black Lives Matter?". CBS News. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Brodesser-Akner, Claude. "Christie's Black Lives 'murder' comments bashed by NAACP, ACLU". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ News, A. B. C. (July 27, 2016). "Gun Violence and Police Victims' Mothers to Speak at DNC". ABC News. Retrieved July 29, 2016. Jump up ^ CNN, Eric Bradner and Eugene Scott. "'Mothers of the Movement' makes case for Hillary Clinton". CNN. Retrieved July 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Lopez, German (July 27, 2016). "This moment at the DNC shows Democrats have embraced Black Lives Matter". Vox. Retrieved July 29, 2016. Jump up ^ "The #BlackLivesMatter Network Urges the Democratic National Committee to host a #BlackLivesMatter Themed Presidential Debate" (Press release). #BlackLivesMatter Organization. October 20, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015. Jump up ^ "We Demand a Black Lives Matter Presidential Debate". salsa4.salsalabs.com. Retrieved October 31, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "Press statement on DNC response". www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter (Press release). Black Lives Matter network. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ "Mobile Uploads - Black Lives Matter | Facebook". www.facebook.com/BlackLivesMatter. Retrieved October 31, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b Lowery, Wesley (October 21, 2015). "DNC and RNC won't add a debate, but give their blessings to Black Lives Matter presidential town hall". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ Geraghty, Jim. "Black Lives Matter Makes a Good Case for Hosting a Democratic Debate". National Review. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ Resnikoff, Ned (July 8, 2015). "Black Lives Matter disrupts Martin O'Malley, Bernie Sanders event". Retrieved July 2, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b Moody, Chris (July 19, 2015). "Democrats lose control of presidential event". CNN. Retrieved August 12, 2015. Jump up ^ "Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed". The Washington Post. Jump up ^ "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?". The Daily Beast. Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters. YouTube. August 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Brunner, Jim. "Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 9, 2015. Jump up ^ "Bernie Sanders' New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists". Think Progress. August 10, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Lewis, Renee. "Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption". Al Jazeera. Retrieved August 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Frasier, Jordan. "'Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally". NBC News. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Ed. "'Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Merica, Dan. "Hillary Clinton protested by Black Lives Matter". CNN. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ Diamond, Jeremy. "Trump on protester: 'Maybe he should have been roughed up'". CNN. Retrieved November 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Legum, Judd. "Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events". ThinkProgress. Retrieved August 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Linthicum, Kate (March 12, 2016). "How black, Latino and Muslim college students organized to stop Trump's rally in Chicago". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Cassidy, John (March 13, 2016). "The Chicago Anti-Trump Protest Was Only the Beginning". The New Yorker. Jump up ^ Rhodes, Wawn (March 13, 2016). "4 charged in clashes after canceled Trump rally at UIC". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Calderon, Michael (March 13, 2016). "CBS News Reporter Sopan Deb Arrested While Covering Donald Trump Rally". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Townes, Carimah. "Obama Explains The Problem With 'All Lives Matter'". think progress. Retrieved 6 August 2016. Jump up ^ Scott, Eugene (September 3, 2015). "Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'". CNN. Retrieved October 24, 2015. Jump up ^ Samuel, Ebenezer. "Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman explains why he stands by that All Lives Matter". New York Daily News. Retrieved 6 August 2016. Jump up ^ "Black Lives Matter Or All Lives Matter?". Rasmussen Reports. August 20, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Jump up ^ "The Troll Named #AllLivesMatter". The Huffington Post. December 2, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2016. Jump up ^ "Photo: Plane flies 'Blue Lives Matter' banner over Beyonce concert". PoliceOne. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b c Shepherd, Ken. "Remigio Pereira, who worked 'All Lives Matter' into Canadian anthem, suspended from singing group". Washington Times. Retrieved 6 August 2016. Jump up ^ Gauthier, Brendan. "WATCH: "We're all brothers and sisters": Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter activists hug it out in Dallas". Salon. Retrieved 10 August 2016. Jump up ^ Goldberg, David Theo (September 25, 2015). "Why 'Black Lives Matter' Because All Lives Don't Matter in America". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Bill Maher: Why Is BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?. YouTube. August 22, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015. Jump up ^ "A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza – The Feminist Wire". thefeministwire.com. Retrieved October 2, 2015. Jump up ^ Flanders, Laura (March 24, 2015). "Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter". Truthout. Retrieved March 25, 2015. Jump up ^ "President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement". CBS News. Retrieved October 24, 2015. Jump up ^ Selyukh, Alina. "Zuckerberg tells Facebook staff to stop crossing out 'Black Lives Matter'". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved June 18, 2016. Jump up ^ King, Shaun (February 25, 2016). "Mark Zuckerberg forced to address racism among Facebook staff after vandals target Black Lives Matter phrases". New York. Daily News. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Jessica, Guynn (February 25, 2016). "Zuckerberg reprimands Facebook staff defacing 'Black Lives Matter' slogan". USA Today. Retrieved February 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Snyder, Benjamin (February 25, 2016). "Mark Zuckerberg Takes Facebook Workers to Task Over 'All Lives Matter' Graffiti". Fortune. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b May, Ashley (July 13, 2016). "#AllLivesMatter hashtag is racist, critics say". USA Today. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Fredrikson, Annika. "Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved September 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Reynolds, Barbara (August 24, 2015). "I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it's hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Tamburin, Adam (July 12, 2016). "Carol Swain blasts Black Lives Matter; Vanderbilt responds". The Tennessean. Retrieved July 21, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b c Murdock, Deroy (November 6, 2015). "Black Lives Matter's numbers are bogus". New York Post. Jump up ^ Mendoza, Jessica. "Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved September 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Jennings, Angel. "Longtime L.A. civil rights leaders dismayed by in-your-face tactics of new crop of activists". Los Angeles Times. Jump up ^ "Rudy Giuliani: "Black lives matter" is racist, anti-American". cbsnews. Retrieved 5 August 2016. Jump up ^ "'Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot". BBC. Retrieved July 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Chasmar, Jessica. "Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke: Black Lives Matter 'will join forces' with Islamic State". The Washington Times. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Gottfried, Mara H. (August 31, 2015). "Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say". TwinCities.com, St. Paul Pioneer Press. Retrieved September 22, 2015. Jump up ^ "NC police chief who retired after calling 'Black Lives Matter' a 'terrorist group' speaks out". Fox. Retrieved November 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Larimer, Sarah. "Officer reassigned after calling Black Lives Matter protesters 'fools' in tweet". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Cohen, Stephen (September 16, 2015). "Seattle Seahawks' Richard Sherman addresses 'Black Lives Matter' after post falsely attributed to him". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Hearst Seattle Media. Retrieved September 17, 2015. Jump up ^ McWhorter, John. "Commentary: Black Lives Matter should also take on black-on-black crime". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Mathis, Joel. "Is the Black Lives Matter movement inspiring a new crime wave?". Newsday. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Schuppe, Jon (November 27, 2015). "Researchers Cast Doubt on 'Ferguson Effect' as Cause of Crime Spikes". NBC News. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Gold, Ashley (June 5, 2015). "Why has the murder rate in some US cities suddenly spiked?". BBC News. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Jonsson, Patrik (June 12, 2015). "Just what is the 'Ferguson effect'? It depends on how you view police.". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Rosenfeld, Richard (June 2015). "Was There a "Ferguson Effect" on Crime in St. Louis?" (PDF). Sentencing Project. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Wolfe, Scott E.; Nix, Justin (2015). "The Alleged "Ferguson Effect" and Police Willingness to Engage in Community Partnership.". Law and Human Behavior. doi:10.1037/lhb0000164. Jump up ^ Pyrooz, David C.; Decker, Scott H.; Wolfe, Scott E.; Shjarback, John A. (September 2016). "Was there a Ferguson Effect on crime rates in large U.S. cities?". Journal of Criminal Justice. 46: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.01.001. Lay summary – University of Colorado Boulder News Center (February 4, 2016). Jump up ^ Morgan, Stephen L. (March 2016). "Ferguson, Gray, and Davis" (PDF). Retrieved April 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Mock, Brentin (March 15, 2016). "Study: There Has Been No 'Ferguson Effect' in Baltimore". Citylab. Retrieved April 11, 2016. Jump up ^ "Murder Rate Spike Could Be 'Ferguson Effect,' DOJ Study Says". NPR. June 15, 2016. Jump up ^ Rosenfeld, Richard (2016), Documenting and Explaining the 2015 Homicide Rise: Research Directions (PDF), U.S. Department of Justice, retrieved June 15, 2016 Jump up ^ "Is the 'Ferguson effect' real? Researcher has second thoughts". The Guardian. May 13, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b Turner, Taylor. "Facebook Pages Purporting To Represent 'White Student Unions' Spark Backlash On College Campuses". ABC. Retrieved November 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Bokhari, Allum. "EXCLUSIVE: The Media Is Wrong, White Student Unions Are not 'Hoaxes' Created by Racists". Breitbart. Retrieved November 26, 2015. Jump up ^ Cortellessa, Eric (August 3, 2016). "In platform, Black Lives Matter accuses Israel of 'genocide,' backs BDS". The Times of Israel. Retrieved August 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Yair (August 5, 2016). "From Left to Right, Jewish Groups Condemn 'Repellent' Black Lives Matter Claim of Israeli 'Genocide'". Tablet. Retrieved August 13, 2016. Jump up ^ The Forward; Kestenbaum, Sam (August 5, 2016). "Jewish Groups Condemn Black Lives Matter Platform for Accusing 'Apartheid' Israel of 'Genocide'". Haaretz. Retrieved August 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Waskow, Arthur (August 9, 2016). "'Genocide,' Torah, & 'Black Lives Matter'". The Shalom Center. Retrieved August 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Callahan, Yesha. "Essence Dedicates February Cover to #BlackLivesMatter". The Root. Retrieved November 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Botelho, Greg & Tim Hume (December 9, 2015). "TIME names German leader Angela Merkel its Person of the Year". CNN. Retrieved December 9, 2015. Jump up ^ New Ferguson Police Chief Sworn In, The New York Times, May 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Garza, Alicia. "A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement". The Feminist Wire. Retrieved March 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Ajayi, Luvvie. "Scandal Recap: Justice for Brandon". Vulture. Retrieved October 31, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b "PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll Summary of National Findings" (PDF). Marist College Institute for Public Opinion. September 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Rankin, Kenrya (September 22, 2015). "Poll Reveals that White America Views Black Lives Matter Movement as a Distraction". ColorLines. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Jump up ^ Rankin, Kenrya (June 28, 2016). "You'll Never Guess How Many White People Say They Support #BlackLivesMatter". ColorLines. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Jump up ^ "On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart". Pew Research Center. June 27, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016. Further reading Cobb, Jelani (March 14, 2016). "The Matter of Black Lives". The New Yorker. Miller, Lisa L. (August 5, 2016). "Black Activists Don't Ignore Crime". The New York Times. Stephen, Bijan (November 2015). "Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight the Power". Wired. Stevens, Melissa (July 28, 2016). "I'm a GOP Delegate and I Wore a 'Black Lives Matter' Shirt to the RNC". Time. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Lives Matter. 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