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Introduction (revised)

Jeremiah Whipple Jenks (1856–1929) was an American economist, educator, and Professor at Cornell University, who held various posts in the US government throughout his career. He served as a member of the Dillingham Immigration Commission from 1907 - 1914, where he led research projects on the current state of immigration into the United States. He is also the author of several influential books, including The Immigration Problem: A Study of Immigration Conditions and Need and The Dictionary of Races. He was among the first social science academics within government, and one of the first to propose that the federal government has power to restrict immigration.

Biography (revised)

Born in Saint Clair, Michigan, Jenks graduated from the University of Michigan in 1878. He then went on to study law while teaching at Mount Morris College in Illinois, and was admitted to the Michigan bar in 1881. He later studied in Germany, earning his doctorate from the University of Halle under Johannes Conrad in 1885. Jenks held professorships at both Cornell University (1891–1912) as a member of the President White School of History and Political Science and New York University (1912 onward).

He began his career in service for the federal government as a tax commissioner in New York City, and soon moved onto hold various posts within the federal government. Theodore Roosevelt appointed him in 1899 to be an “expert in Asia” for the U.S. treasury, and represented the US in financial matters within several Asian countries. Jenks soon became an advisor to Mexico, Nicaragua, and Germany as well, quickly advancing through the ranks of the federal government. Jenks was appointed a member of the U.S. Commission on International Exchange, and was appointed to the United States Immigration Commission in 1907. The National Civic Federation, an organization comprised of big business owners and labor organizers, also hired him and his work there became inspirational for his studies on labor. Jenks was recognized with the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926. Today, he is remembered for his association with Nobel laureate Friedrich Hayek, and his legacy in American immigration policy.

Economics (new)

Jenks was part of the new school of economic theory during the Progressive Era, which stemmed through his dissertation adviser at the University of Halle, Joseph Conrad, who was an outspoken critic of British Classical Economics. Progressive Era economists focused on making economics compatible with morality, and sought to institute governmental regulations which were favorable to large corporations. Jenks toured the world for the War Department from 1901-1902, where he examined how dependent colonial governments operated financially. He made many other trips around the world as a member of the Commission on International Exchange, where he researched colonial policy and the gold standard in countries all over the world. Based on these experiences, Jenks wrote a chapter in Henry Cabot Lodge’s book ''Colonies of the World. '' Progressive economists and Jenks founded the American Economic Association, where he served as president from 1906 - 1907. One of the association’s goals was the “development of legislative policy”, which radical for its time as many of the old school economists of the time still strongly believed in the idea of strict laissez-faire economics.

The reformist ideology of the American Economic Association affected his work as a member of the National Civic Federation (NCF). The National Civic Federation was a business-dominated organization that aligned with the ideologies of reformist minded economists like Jenks, as it sought to implement uniform state legislation on multiple issues including workmen’s compensation, child labor, and taxation (federalization 350). Additionally, the NCF gave Jenks his first exposure to immigration issues, as in 1905 he attended a conference that focused on whether immigrant labor from China should be more restricted (Benton-Cohen 38). He also served as an economic adviser at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Jenks’ experiences abroad influenced his views on U.S. colonialism. Although many Republican reformers were anti-imperialist, Jenks was an outspoken proponent of US colonialism and expansion. He saw American colonial intervention as a way to offset inefficiencies produced by the native populations, and a way to bring them to the moral standards of America (Benton-Cohen 31). Jenks’ experiences abroad also gave him the idea that the US had the right to exercise federal power across the globe, particularly when it came to immigration.

Politics (new)

In the Progressive Era, Jeremiah Jenks was one of the pioneers who set the precedent for the inclusion of professors and academic experts in government. In 1899, Jenks was appointed as an “expert in Asia” for the US treasury, and began traveling to various dependent countries around the world. Jenks’ experience in politics stemmed from his involvement in various economic and immigration research organizations. As a member of the NCF, Jenks helped to draft a bill to amend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1908. Although the bill was ultimately unsuccessful, Jenks sat on the four-man committee headed by John Bates Clark which drafted a preliminary version of the 1914 Clayton Anti-trust Act. With the Immigration Commission, he wrote model legislation for the Mann Act of 1910, which focused on the restriction of white slavery and sex trafficking into the United States. With the Dillingham Immigration Commission, Jenks was instrumental in the writing and the passage of the Dillingham Immigration Bill of 1911, which was ultimately vetoed by President William Howard Taft. However, this bill was one of the first to restrict immigration on racial grounds, and set the precedent for many restrictionist policies which were soon to be passed by the federal government, such as The National Origins Act of 1924 (antiracist 48). In 1916, Jenks was also included on a committee led by Sidney Gulick, which sought to end the disproportionate discrimination in the immigration of citizens of Asian countries, and proposed a new model for immigration restrictions. In reality, their proposed plan still instituted quotas for different immigrants based on race, it would just be less exclusionary for members of Asian countries (antiracist). Throughout his years involved in immigration policy, Jenks gave talks and held conferences on what he termed the racial problem of immigration.

Dillingham Commission (new)

Jenks’ most influential and lasting work for the Federal Government came from his membership in the Dillingham Immigration Commission from 1907-1911. The Commission was progressive mined, and was headed by senator William Dillingham, although most of the power rested with Henry Cabot Lodge and Jeremiah Jenks. The commission was convened after the failure of the implementation of a literacy test by congress to limit immigration, and sought to conduct academic research to influence policy on the restriction of immigration (BC 2). The commission was also formed out of a growing negative sentiment towards immigrants, as a majority of the population growth in the US in this period was result of immigration, and immigrants were increasingly coming from countries in Southern and Eastern Europe. Jenks was instrumental to the work, as he did much of the hiring for the commission and led many of the research projects that the commission undertook. He applied his experiences abroad in different colonies across the world, as he increasingly thought it was the duty of the federal government to place restrictions on immigration into the United States. For his first research project for the commission, Jenks traveled to San Diego to study the urban congestion of Mexican immigrants. It was on this journey that Jenks realized he could enjoy complete autonomy in his research, as he received no interference from the federal government (BC 25). He then led many studies on the urban congestion, living conditions, and occupations of immigrants from different races.

Jenks was also concerned with the effect of immigrants on American morality and hired many women to investigate this effect, particularly in the field of white slavery, or human trafficking. These studies led by Jenks and the Immigration Commission were noted to not conform to research methods as they did not hold any public hearings, nor cross examine any witnesses. The Commission also did not utilize any data already available to them, such as census reports, studies by state bureaus of labor, or other agencies, in order to come up with their own unique conclusions. (poland 16). Instead it relied heavily on the work of Jenks and Lodge to create their own tables, explanations, and conclusions. The commission concluded with a 41 volume report in 1911 which outlined the current status of immigration, laying out the differences in occupation, crime, and many other things between races of immigrants. This study ultimately labeled some races of immigrants as more desirable than others, and ultimately called for a quota system which would restrict different immigrants based on their desirability. Although the commission’s proposed bill was vetoed by President William Howard Taft in 1911, the research of the commission was instrumental in the passage of many immigration restrictions in the years to come, including the 1924 National Origins Act. Scholar Mae Ngai notes the racial aspects of this legislation, as she says the language of eugenics dominated the political discourse on immigration during this period (Ngai 24). The Dillingham Commission divided the immigrants they studied by ethnicity and race, thus showing how they fed into the language of eugenics and the ideology of the National Origins Act of 1924. All of this work by The Immigration Commission set the precedent restricting immigration into the United States was necessary duty of the federal government.

The Immigration Problem: A Study of American Immigration Conditions and Needs

One of Jenks most influential publications was written with the help of his hire for the Immigration Commission, Jett Lauck. It was a research study conducted on different races of immigrants in US society with the goals of fixing a standard of civilization for the United States, securing all the facts about immigration, measuring immigrants’ influence on the standard of civilization, and suggesting measures for the US government to implement to correct these problems (jenks, 2). Jenks and Lauck conduct research studies on the criminal immigrants, white-slave traffic, and immigrant living conditions over the US. After studying a mine in northern Pennsylvania, they came to the conclusion that immigrants were bringing down the standard of civilization for all Americans, which was to negatively affect their morality go more in depth. They also conducted studies on the difference in occupation of immigrants from different countries, and concluded that they had negative impact on labor unions, as they were frequently employed as strike breakers. In the section entitled “Are Other Races Inferior?”, Jenks questions the idea of inferior races of immigrants. He states, “… whether or not we ourselves believe that race prejudice is something to be heartily condemned, we must still recognize this feeling as an important political fact.” (Jenks 216). Jenks comes to the conclusion that racial prejudice isn’t a personal issue, but a political one. The book concludes that pre-war immigration was too large for the economic welfare of the US, and a new naturalization law was required (Jenks 448). Jenks and Lauck’s perspective on racial prejudice was relevant in the policy suggestions of the book, which suggested different quotas for different races of immigrants, as some were easier to be trained and assimilated into American society (Jenks 456). This book was one of the first to advocate immigration restriction by federal government legislation. It is also important because it was the first to coin the term “ the immigration problem”, a phrase which is still used in the United States Government today.