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HOMESCHOOLING HISTORY
 * Historical record too incomplete to determine the number and frequency of homeschooling
 * Early church father biographies
 * Middle Ages
 * Orme, Nicholas, Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 49. There is evidence of private schooling and tutoring in the homes of the bishops and the nobles.
 * Orme, Nicholas, Medieval Children (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 246. As a rule, "poorer children, even if they or their parents were favorable to reading, might have to postpone the undertaking until adolescence or adulthood, and might not begin at all."
 * Presumably, in the more simplistic times of the Middle Ages, any home education minimally involved instruction in speaking, household chores and the family business.
 * The various church Councils that called for schooling may imply the paucity of formal schooling outside the home (Sixth General Council at Constantinople (680), the Councils of Vaison (529), Chalons (813), Langres, Savonnieres (859), Third Lateran (1179)[The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, s.v. "Sunday-schools". Cubberley, Ellwood, The History of Education (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1920), 143. Orme, Schools, 35.
 * Near the end of the the Middle Ages, households of some means (royalty, nobility and clergy) "often included one or more schoolmasters to teach the lord's children, wards, and the boys who sang in the chapel." (Orme, Children, 240ff.
 * Presumably gentlemen of means, lesser clergy, merchants and those with more leisure time and education homeschooled their children, but historical evidence is scarce.
 * In the late Medieval period in England, evidence suggests that the typical small town had at least one schoolmaster and maybe an assistant. There may have been two dozen or more full or part-time teachers in London. (Orme, Schools, 167)
 * From the records, perhaps as many as ten grammar schools existed in each county in England. (Orme, Schools, 218, cp. 220, 230.
 * In Florance, Italy, (1336-38), records show that over half the children attended the local city schools (Herlihy, David, Women, Family and Society in Medieval Europe, (New York: Berghahn Books, 1995), 14.
 * The Lowlands (Holland/Belgium) witnessed an increase in the number of primary schools from the twelfth century onward. (Simons, Walter, Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 6.
 * Reformation
 * From 1480-1660 over 800 schools were erected in England alone. "The diversity of forms of elementary training--and it chronic lack of endowment--led Puritans as well as their contemporaries to rely heavily on the household for instruction in literacy at the same time as they encouraged the founding of schools." (Morgan, John, Godly Learning, 172, 175;
 * "every boy, even in the remotest part of the country, could find a place of education in his own neighborhood competent at any rate to fit him to enter college."(Morison, The Intellectual Life of Colonial New England, qtd. p.60)
 * Early America
 * Before 1664, eleven of the twelve Dutch colonies in the middle regions had schools, but not enough according to the complaints offered (Cremin, Lawrence, American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1970, 178ff.
 * New York state records indicate over fifty percent of the children attended some formal education before 1800 (Palmer, Archie, The New York Public School, 1858, 13, 19.
 * Eye-witness accounts indicate a great multiplication of primary schools in the late 1700s (Miller, Samuel, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century, vol. 3, 1805, 122.
 * 1840 Census.
 * Typical NE child attended a dame school, a writing school and maybe a grammar school (Morgan, Edmund, The Puritan Family).