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Recent Evidence Section

This is due to the fact that actions are observed as having been made with a degree of certainty and intentionality on the part of the actor, and more distinct motives are the underlying cause of these actions, thus creating more contrasted evaluations of the actor by the observer.

Certain emotions have also been shown to affect actor-observer bias. In their 2013 study called "Emotion and the Ultimate Attribution Error",researcher Martin D. Coleman took 420 participants and asked them how they attributed the misbehavior of specific politicians, Republicans and Democrats respectively, to see if their actor-observer bias was affected by emotion. The participants were asked whether the politicians' misdeed made them angry, fearful, or feel no emotion in particular. the study's results concluded that when feeling angry or in fear, the participates more easily used actor-observer asymmetry to judge the actions of either a Democratic or Republican politician. Coleman also found that in-group/ favoring bias combined with emotion made the participants more susceptible to using actor-observer bias.The findings in this study have been corroborated by further analysis via psychology professor D.J. Northington's 2015 study, "An Attribution-Emotion Approach to Political Conflict", in which political leanings are shown to create in-group bias that influences emotions toward out-groupers, and further influences actor-observer asymmetry. 564 participants were polled in this study, asked for their political affiliation, and read headlines about either a Democratic or Republican candidates misdeeds. Again, the emotions elicited, namely anger, allowed actor-observer asymmetry to affect the judgement of the participants.

Cultural Differences Section

'''In addition, found that when situational constraints of participants in an experiment were made more salient that only the East Asian participants had an increased perception of the situational constraints and made their judgments accordingly. This is opposed to North American participants who showed little to no change in perception of the situational constraints as they were made more salient.'''

Recent studies have examined the impact culture has on actor-observer asymmetry. Researchers Thomas D. Green and Duane G. McClearn in their 2010 study, "The actor- observer effect as a function of performance outcome and nationality of other", took a group of 55 American college students from an unspecified southeastern institute in the United States and walked them through a list of hypothetical scenarios to determine if a person's nationality effected how the students viewed, or observed,the scenario's outcome. Each scenario contained an 'actor' of following nationality; Mexican, Japanese, Russian, English and American, in which the student and the 'actor' would take part in a task that relied on collaboration. After completion, the students were asked to grade the outcomes as successful (A in examination) or unsuccessful (F in examination) and the performance of the 'actor' and themselves. The study's results showed that the students consistently rated their own performances highly, in keeping with the hypothesis that individuals will attribute errors to external factors,and the performance of the actors low. Results began to vary, however, when determining success. the scenarios that where rated unsuccessful involved the Japanese and Russian 'actors' consistently, while the successful scenarios involved the Canadian Mexican, English and American 'actors', showing a correlation between proximity of neighboring countries and actor-observer asymmetry.

Another study published in 2019 in Social Psychological and Personality Science by researchers Anita Körner, Sophie Moritz,and Roland Deutsch showed how distance, in relation to space or mentality, can further enable actor-observer asymmetry. Participants were tested on how they viewed the situation; unemployment, homelessness or poverty, of a person they were close to and a stranger. They consistently rated the situation of an unfamiliar person (a stranger) as having internal origins (bad with money, lazy) and the situation of a familiar person as having external origin. Actor-observer asymmetry is more commonly applied to those at a distance than those in proximity.

'''Additionally, it has differed in religious perspective. Protestant are most likely to focus on internal factor whether than external for behavior. Unlike the Catholic who would tend to focus on the external factor. The cause is that Protestant rely too much on correlational evidence without evidence of causality (MacKinnon, 2008).'''