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= Intro to photography = Main article Photography and Photograph

Photography is the use of practice or art to create visual durable images of the environment it’s around. The image sensor records the light going through the lens and makes an image either electronically or chemically (photographic film). It has multiple uses for several fields, it can be used for commercial and business practices, amateur hobbies, professional, or for art. The lens focuses onto light that is being emitted or reflected into the image sensor which produces a electrical charge to each pixel that is electronically processed and saved into a image file. For film, the light reflected into the camera sensor and will chemically develop it into a image, either positive or negative, onto the photographic film and is processed in dark rooms. Either methods can be printed and edited by the user or by professionals.

A camera is a device that photographers use that has a obscura that absorbs light to make photographs. It is manually controlled by the user using ISO (disambiguation), aperture, and shutter (photography). It is referred to as the exposure triangle. Modern cameras will have multiple modes that help the user absorb the light without having to manually change everything. The digital camera has an electronic image sensor and records the image as data.

History
Main Articles: History of the camera and History of photography

Invention


The first photograph was printed in 1822 by a french-man named Nicéphore Niépce Nicéphore Niécpe. It was later destroyed to make more prints; Niécpe successfully made another photograph in 1825. Around 1826, he was able to print a durable photograph called the View from the window at Le Gras; it is the earliest surviving photograph from Niécpe. Unfortunately, he died in 1833 and led to Louis Daguerre's collaboration, he was able to finish his work and experiments. His main focus was to greatly reduce the time to expose a photograph and use light sensitive halides plates. It was a method that Niécpe attempted and failed to make photos. Daguerre’s process was successful and was the called Daguerreotype, it worked in 1837 and reduced the exposure time from days to a matter of minutes. His work process was a copper plate coated with silver and exposed it to iodine vapor. Overtime, the measure of the exposure time was reduced and remains to be popular until the 1850s and was later replaced by emulsion plates. These plates were called wet plates and were less expensive than daguerreotypes and required only several seconds to expose. This method was beneficial to portrait photographers and was commonly used at the time. William Talbot, a British inventor, created the calotype process around the late 1830s.

The calotype process used a chemical development of a latent image to reduce the time it had with the Daguerreotype. It creates negative copies so it can be used to create print multiple positive copies. It would later compete with the Daguerreotype. Dry Plates took a huge leap forward in photography. In 1871, Richard Maddox improves the previous inventions by making gelatine plates that were equivalent to wet plates. The dry plates were to increase the speed and quantity than wet plates. This allowed photographers to have more free will and the process also allowed much smaller cameras to be hand held. The exposure times were decreased and the first camera was developed with a functional mechanical shutter.

Film
Main Article: Photographic film In 1887 in Newark, New Jersey, a minister named Hannibal Goodwin, developed an idea of using celluloid as a base for photographic emulsion. An inventor named George Eastman who experimented using rolls of film in 1889 began its manufacturing. An inventor and entrepreneur named George Eastman founded the company Kodak k in 1885. Eastman experimented using rolls of films in 1889 and began it’s manufacturing. This event led to the most crucial moment in cinematography and photography. The original roll was more paper based but later soon followed a nitrate film which was highly flammable and hazardous, but its advantages were considered to be tougher and slightly more transparent. Film was the dominant form of photography for photographers from the 20th to the 21st century. Eastman created a flexible roll film that did not require changing plates and the roll would hold a hundred film exposures. He was able to develop a self contained box camera that had one single lens with no focal adjustment. Consumers would send their cameras back to the factory and develop and print the photos. This was the first inexpensive camera an average consumer can afford. It is still popular till this day and it is considered more popular than today’s 35mm film. Not until the late 1940s that 35 mm film became cheap enough for the majority of consumers to use.

Black-and-White
Main Article: Monochrome photography

Black and white photography is one of the most popular looks in photos because of the shadow and contrast. It has been the most dominant form of photography for decades and it is considered cheaper for film and has a classic look to the photos. Monochrome photography has been around since the first photograph. The cyanotype process produces a blue tone to the highlight and shadow and the albumen print uses brownish colors. Monochrome photography isn’t all film, nowadays smart cameras and digital cameras can ditch the RGB color model and produce only one shot of color.

Color
Main Article: Color photography

Color photographs were the first new thing in photography after the invention of plates. A chemist named Gabriel Lippmann invented natural color photographs based on the optical phenomenon of the interference of light waves. His scientific discovery led him to winning the Nobel Prize in 1908. The first color photographs required long exposures for the nitrate to collect light. A Russian photographer was able to mix the three colors of the spectrum and created a film that had RGB colors. Kodak released a film roll with not only the primary color but with also the complementary colors in 1935. Glass plates were frequently used in the 19th century until the invention of film that would eventually shape photography.

Digital
Main Article: Digital photography

See also: Digital camera

In 1983, a Japanese company called Sony, released a digital camera that removed the need for film and saved it in an image file. It could be displayed on television but not fully digitally. Numerous companies started to develop point and shoot cameras that would calculate the exposure (aperture, ISO, shutter) and focus. Kodak later revealed their own version of the digital camera that had a digital sensor and it was a critical moment in history, It is the popular form of photography and the majority of consumers use digital cameras because it was easier to edit and gave more free will to photographers. Automatic cameras became immensely popular with photographers for serious and amateurs. The digital age was a crucial point in history and cameras now produce excellent quality even with small compact cameras.

Amateur Photography
Amateur photography is a person who practices taking photographs as a hobby or a passion. Depending on the person if they want to make profit off their work or not. Amatuer photographers are comparable to professional photographers. It didn’t become popular until the late 19th century and early 20th century when Kodak released their own handheld cameras. Nowadays, cameras are more accessible and are influenced through the internet and pictures can now be taken through smart phones. Photography is more accessible to everyone.

Art
Art photography started to get widely accepted as a form of art in the 20th century. Multiple genres started to pop up and would eventually shape photography in a huge way. The most popular form of photography in the 20th century was pictorialism. It is the art of making surreal looks to an image and almost a fantasy. It started to die down around the 1920s and eventually die off of popularity after the second world war. Fine-art photography is a popular form of photography in this present day, it tries to imitate paintings and replicate it into photography. Having an aesthetic is important in photography and it is up for the photographer to choose what they like to photograph.

Photojournalism
Photojournalism is a type of journalism that provides images in order to tell the media of the story. They provide the context behind the photo and it is referred to still images but in some instances the term also means broadcast journalism. Photojournalists often travel around the world to provide media outlets so that they can connect the viewer with local or foreign communities. Photojournalism photography often branches out to street, travel, documentary, war, and celebrity photography. Photojournalists must be well informed of the current events and must handle being under pressure while being creative. They produce creative images by showcasing current events that are informative but in a entertaining matter.

Aperture
Aperture is one of the three pillars of photography that must master to be an excellent photographer. It is defined as the opening of a lens that lets in light to the camera sensor. An easy concept to put is an eye pupil. Every time an eye moves around, the pupils shrink or expand when we look at bright and dark environments. Increasing the aperture is called deep depth of field, it makes the image sharp and focused. Decreasing the aperture is called shallow depth of field it is when a camera focuses on one subject and put the background out of focus. Aperture is crucial for a camera because controls the lighting and adds effects to the image. Bokeh photography is genre where they primarily put subjects in focus and put the backgrounds out of focus or vice versa.

ISO
ISO is the second pillar of photography. It is the light sensitivity that affects the image, the higher the sensitivity the more sensitive it will be on light. It makes images look brighter in darker environments. Although it has consequences, increasing the ISO in a camera will bring a lot of grain into an image and will ruin the photo. It is only used if you cannot brighten the photo while changing the aperture or shutter. ISO stands for International Standardization Organization. This setting in a camera is crucial and is only used when the camera is fighting against motion blur. For example capturing a bird will require a low aperture with a fast shutter and since light is already reduced, increasing the ISO will brighten the image. The lowest ISO is 100 and the highest is 6400.

Shutter Speed
The third pillar of photography is shutter speed. It is responsible for two things and it is freezing an object in motion or creating a motion blur and changing the brightness of the image. The camera shutter is the front part of the lens that stays closed until the camera fires. The shutter poems and exposes the camera sensor to the light and will close after. Shutter speed has various modes of how quickly the camera will take the picture. The higher the shutter speed the darker the image, vice versa. The button that fires the camera is called the shutter button which you press after adjusting your settings for the camera.

Laws and Rules
Main article: Photography and the law

Photography is an enormous community from people all around the world taking photographs. Photography has its limits when photo-shooting in public; society has made laws to protect private property and privacy. Society has regulated photography by adding strict laws or prohibiting it entirely. It is the rights of the photographs where pictures may not be taken on private property unless it is for community purposes or paid. Depending on some jurisdiction s, photography does not have strict laws. The reason photography is restricted is in the best interest of public morality, it

Reference(s)

 * 1) ^ Windsor, James, director. 8 IMPORTANT Composition Tips for Better Photos. YouTube: 8 IMPORTANT Composition Tips for Better Photos, 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?
 * 2) ^ Jade, Jade, et al. “The History of the Camera.” History Things, 20 May 2019, historythings.com/the-history-of-the-camera/.
 * 3) ^ Dzenis, Serena. “Beginner's Guide to Home vs Lab Printing: Iceland Photo ...” Iceland Photo Tours, 2020, iceland-photo-tours.com/articles/camera-and-gear-reviews/beginner-s-guide-to-home-vs-lab-printing-for-photography.
 * 4) ^ Dunlop, Josh. “The 5 Levels of the Amateur Photographer: Which Group Are You in?” ExpertPhotography, ExpertPhotography, 28 Apr. 2020, expertphotography.com/5-levels-amateur-photographer-which-group-are-you-in/.
 * 5) ^ Sartore, Joel, and Heather Perry. National Geographic Photo Basics: the Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Great Photography. National Geographic, 2020.
 * 6) ^ Kelby, Scott. The Digital Photography Book. the Step-by-Step Secrets for How to Make Your Photos Look like the Pros'! Peachpit Press, 2009. ISBN 9780321678744, 0321678745
 * 7) ^ Marquardt, Chris. Film Photography Handbook,The. Rocky Nook, 2019. ISBN 1681985276, 9781681985275
 * 8) ^ Cox, Spencer. “Complete Guide to Black and White Photography.” Photography Life, 6 Aug. 2019, photographylife.com/black-and-white-photography.
 * 9) ^ARCHAMBAULT, MICHAEL. “A Brief History of Color Photography, From Dream to Reality.” PetaPixel, 12 Oct. 2015, petapixel.com/2015/10/11/a-brief-history-of-color-photography-from-dream-to-reality/.

History

 * Masoner, Liz. “Explore the Major Advances in the History of Photography.” The Spruce Crafts, 2019, www.thesprucecrafts.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527.

Other Books

 * Sartore, Joel, and Heather Perry. National Geographic Photo Basics: the Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Great Photography. National Geographic, 2020.
 * COE, Chris, and Chris WESTON. Creative DSLR Photography: the Ultimate Creative Workflow Guide. Elsevier Ltd, 2010.