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-Italy- [[Media:Example.ogg]] Basic Facts, Geography and Legal System

_Became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II.

_Era of parliament came to a close in the early 1920s when MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship.

_Italy was defeated in World War II.

_1946 a democratic republic replaced the monarchy and economic revival followed.

_Charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC).

_Forefront of European economic and political unification.

_Problems in country- illegal immigration, organized crime, corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared with the prosperous north.

_ Located in Southern Europe and is a peninsula.

_ Goes into the Mediterranean Sea.

_Total: 1,899.2 km

_ Border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, Switzerland 740 km

_Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m Highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a secondary peak of Mont Blanc)

_Coordinates 42 50 N, 12 50 E

[[People]] _ Population- 58,126,212 people

_ Age: 0-14 years: 13.5% (male 4,056,156/female 3,814,070) 15-64 years: 66.3% (male 19,530,696/female 18,981,084) 65 years and over: 20.2% (male 4,903,762/female 6,840,444) (2009 est.) Median total: 43.3 years male: 41.8 years female: 44.8 years (2009 est.)

_Ethnic Groups

- Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)

_Religion- Roman Catholic 90% (approximately; about one-third practicing), other 10% (includes mature Protestant and Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community)

_Language- Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

_ Infant Mortality Rate total: 5.51 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 183 male: 6.07 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

_ Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98.4% male: 98.8% female: 98% (2001 census)

Economy

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$1.827 trillion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 11 $1.845 trillion (2007 est.) $1.818 trillion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars GDP (official exchange rate):

$2.314 trillion (2008 est.) GDP - real growth rate:

-1% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 207 1.5% (2007 est.) 2.1% (2006 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP):

$31,400 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 41 $31,700 (2007 est.) $31,300 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 2% industry: 27% services: 71% (2008 est.)

Agriculture - products:

fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish Industries:

tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Law Enforcement

_ Centralized multiple uncoding _They compete for who gets to do what job _ Country ranks on 71% of corruption rates _ Military service- 18-27 year of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished January 2005; women may serve in any military branch; 10-month service obligation, with a reserve obligation to age 45 (Army and Air Force) or 39 (Navy) (2006)

_ In Italy there are National Police Forces 	Arma dei Carabinieri 	 Guardia di Finanza 	 Polizia di Stato 	Polizia Penitenziaria 	Corpo Forestale dello Stato 	 Coast Guard and Local police forces 	 Regional and Provincial Police 	Municipal Police

Italian Courts Constitutional Court Corte Constitutionale del Repubblica Italiana The Constitutional Court serves as the main body for the protection of the Constitution, its tasks being the review of the constitutionality of statutes, and the protection of constitutional order and fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Corte Constitutionale del Repubblica Italiana The Constitutional Court

Supreme Courts (Highest Instance) Corte Suprema di Cassazione The Court of Cassation is the highest instance in the Italian court system and is composed of more than 350 judges. Corte Suprema di Cassazione Appellate Courts Corte d' Appello

The courts of appeal at the regional level, decide on appeals from the courts of first instance of general jurisdiction (tribunali). Corte d'Appello di Ancona Corte d'Appello di Bari Corte d'Appello di Bologna Corte d'Appello di Bolzano Corte d'Appello di Brescia Corte d'Appello di Cagliari Corte d'Appello di Caltanissetta Corte d'Appello di Campobasso Corte d'Appello di Catania Corte d'Appello di Catanzaro Corte d'Appello di Firenze Corte d'Appello di Genova Corte d'Appello di L'Aquila Corte d'Appello di Lecce Corte d'Appello di Messina Corte d'Appello di Milano Corte d'Appello di Napoli Corte d'Appello di Palermo Corte d'Appello di Perugia Corte d'Appello di Potenza Corte d'Appello di Reggio di Calabria Corte d'Appello di Roma Corte d'Appello di Salerno Corte d'Appello di Sassari Corte d'Appello di Taranto Corte d'Appello di Torino Corte d'Appello di Trento Corte d'Appello di Trieste Corte d'Appello di Venezia Regional courts

Tribunale At the provincial level, 167 tribunals exist. Tribunals consist of a single judge or a panel of three judges, depending on the kind of case. Tribunals (tribunali) are the courts of first instance of general jurisdiction in both civil and criminal matters Tribunale d'Ivrea Tribunale di Avezzano Tribunale di Bari Tribunale di Bologna Tribunale di Bolzano Tribunale di Busto Arsizio Tribunale di Cagliari Tribunale di Camerino Tribunale di Casale Tribunale di Cassino Tribunale di Chieti Tribunale di Como Tribunale di Cremona Tribunale di Fermo Tribunale di Firenze Tribunale di Foggia Tribunale di Lecco Tribunale di Lodi Tribunale di Macerata Tribunale di Marsala Tribunale di Milano Tribunale di Montepulciano Tribunale di Monza Tribunale di Napoli Tribunale di Navarro Tribunale di Orvieto Tribunale di Pavia Tribunale di Perugia Tribunale di Pesaro Tribunale di Pescara Tribunale di Reggio Calabria Tribunale di Rovereto Tribunale di Savona Tribunale di Spoleto Tribunale di Sulmona Tribunale di Taranto Tribunale di Terni Tribunale di Traviso Tribunale di Trieste Tribunale di Urbino Tribunale di Varese Tribunale di Verbana Tribunale di Vibo Valentia Tribunale di Vigevano Tribunale di Viterbo Tribunale di Voghera First Instance Courts Giudice di Pace

846 justices of the peace are prevalent at the local level. The Justices of the Peace have a limited jurisdiction in both criminal and civil minor matters Justice of the Peace Administrative Supreme Court Consiglio di Stato Administrative Courts (First Instance) Tribunali Amministrativi Regionali Court of Audit Corte dei Conti (Court of Accounts) Other Courts Commissioni Tributarie Distrettuali Commissioni Tributarie Provinciali Consiglio di Presidenza della Giustizia Tributaria Corte di Assise (Court of Assize) Tribunale Regionale delle Acque Pubbliche (Regional Court of Waters) Tribunale Superiore delle Acque Pubbliche (High Court of Waters) Jurisprudence (Case Law) Corte dei Conti Novità giurisprudenziali Italian Cases on Maritime, Air and Transport Law Libra - Sentenze On Line Judiciary (general) Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura Giustitia Indirizzi utili Tribunali d'Italia (Directory of Italian Regional Courts) Procura della Repubblica presso il Tribunale di Milano Tribunali Italiani

Punishment and Human Rights Corporal punishment is unlawful in the home. In 1996, a Supreme Court judgement outlawed all violence in childrearing (Judge Ippolito, Supreme Court of Cassation, 18 March 1996). Article 571 of the Criminal Code (1975, amended 2005) states: “Whoever misuses means of correction or discipline to harm a person subject to his authority, or entrusted to him for purposes of education, instruction, treatment, supervision or custody … shall be punished.” The offence of abuse of correctional methods is applicable if there is a relationship of authority between the abuser and the abused, if the abuse results in physical or mental injury, and if it involves legitimate correctional methods. Since, according to the 1996 ruling, corporal punishment is no longer a legitimate method of discipline, it is not defensible under the right to correction (“jus corrigenda”). As at March 2007, the prohibition of corporal punishment had not been confirmed in legislation.

Under article 572 of the Criminal Code, whoever mistreats a person belonging to the family, or a child under the age of 14 years, or a person subject to his authority, or supervision or custody or for reasons of professional activity or handicraft shall be punished. Further protection is afforded by articles 581, 582, 609 and 610, and by Law No.154/2001 (“Measures against violence within the house-hold”).

Following a complaint against Italy brought in 2003 by the World Organisation Against Torture under the Collective Complaints procedure of the European Social Charter, the European Committee of Social Rights concluded by 11 votes to 2 that there was no violation of Article 17 of the Revised Charter because the prohibition of all forms of corporal punishment of children has a legislative basis (Resolution ResChS(2005)1, Collective complaint No. 19/2003 by the World Organisation against Torture (OMCT) against Italy, adopted by the Council of Ministers on 20 April 2005).