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 The Kazakh intelligentsia 

The Kazakh intelligentsia is a social group of Kazakh society, representing the most educated part of it.

The formation of the Kazakh intelligentsia
The foundations of the worldview of the traditional Kazakh society were laid in the oral folklore and the heritage of the thinkers of the times of the Kazakh Khanate (from Asan Kaigy to Bukhar-Zhirau). In the second half of the XIX century, a concentrated expression of traditional views on various aspects of public life and their reinterpretation taking into account the new time took place. This was facilitated by the works of Abai Qunanbaiuly and other Kazakh enlighteners of the times of the  Russian Empire [1], as well as the activities of the Jadidist movement [2]. Among the most educated layers of the Kazakh Khanate were zhyrau, bii, representatives of the Islamic clergy. However, until the XIX century, education could be obtained only in madrasahs, which mainly trained religious ministers. In such schools, along with the basics of Islam, they taught philosophy, astronomy, history, languages, medicine, and mathematics. The term of study was 3-4 years. Some religious leaders received additional education in Bukhara, Istanbul and other major cities of the Muslim world [1]. The first secular schools in the territories inhabited by the Kazakh population are opened only with the beginning of the accession to the Russian Empire. In 1786 an Asian school opened in Omsk, in 1789 a government school in Orenburg. In the XIX century, they were transformed into the Omsk Cossack Military School (now the Omsk Cadet Corps) and the Orenburg Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps, respectively. In 1841, the Zhangir School, the first Kazakh school, was opened in the Bukeev Horde [3]. It taught Russian and Oriental languages, mathematics, geography, fundamentals of Islam. At the end of the 19th century, a network of “Russian-native schools” was created in the Turkestan region - primary schools established by the Russian administration to train lower-level officials. Such well-known figures of Kazakh culture as Chokan Valikhanov, Ibray Altynsarin, Abai Kunanbayev, Mohammed-Salih Babadzhanov, Shakarim Kudaiberdiev and many others were graduates of secular schools. They advocated the education and renewal of Kazakh society, sharply criticized the backwardness of patriarchal-feudal societal foundations and stated the need for political change in the Russian Empire and in the Turkestan region in particular, introducing advanced ideas into Kazakh society through their creativity and social activities [1]. In the second half of the XIX century there appeared Kazakh print media. Kazakh books were published in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Orenburg, Tashkent, Semipalatinsk. The first Kazakh newspaper was the application "Turkistan Uylaatynyyn Gazety" to the newspaper "Turkestan Register" [4], which was released on March 28, 1870. In 1911, the publication of the first Kazakh magazine Aikap was organized, in 1913 the Kazakh newspaper. The pages of these periodicals covered various aspects of the life of Kazakh society [1].

The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginnnig of XX century
At the beginning of the 20th century, a new generation of Kazakh intelligentsia was being formed. It was composed of Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Bakhytzhan Karatayev,  Akhmet Baitursynov and many others; in the future - the founders of the Kazakh national party  "Alash". The participants of the new social movement declared their support for the advanced democratic ideas of world social thought and the spiritual heritage of Abai. In October 1905, in Uralsk, they held a congress of delegates from five Kazakh regions of the Turkestan Territory, who put on the agenda the question of creating a party protecting the national interests of the Kazakh people. The program of the emerging party was based on the program of the cadet party. At the congress, the following requirements were put forward to the Russian government: on recognizing land as property of the local population, on stopping the resettlement of peasants from other areas of the Russian Empire, on equality of the Kazakh language with other languages, on the widespread opening of national schools and building mosques, on expanding religious freedom, etc. [1] The authority and influence of the Kazakh intelligentsia became noticeable in the Russian Empire as a whole. Kazakh deputies were elected to the State Duma, where they were part of the Cadet and Muslim factions. In the I Duma there were 4 deputies out of their number, in the II Duma there were 5 deputies [1]. At the same time, a left-wing social movement was forming in Kazakhstan, consolidating around local committees of the RSDLP [5]. Its participants also argued that they rely not only on the experience of Russian and foreign revolutionary-democratic thought, but also on the legacy of Chokan Valikhanov, Ibrai Altynsarin and Abay Kunanbayev [6]. One of the first prominent representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia who supported the course of the RSDLP was Alibi Dzhangildin [7]. In the pre-revolutionary years, he was joined by such future famous figures of Soviet Turkestan as Turar Ryskulov, Nazir Tyuryakulov and Saken Seifullin [8]. According to incomplete data, before the October Revolution in Kazakhstan there were about 3 thousand teachers, 590 agricultural specialists, 244 doctors, 393 mid-level medical workers. During the Civil War, their number significantly decreased. For example, in 1919 in Kazakhstan, there were only 33 doctors and several company medical assistants [1]. During the October Revolution and after the outbreak of the  Civil War, representatives of the national-liberal Kazakh intelligency supported the  Alash autonomy and were in opposition to the  Bolsheviks' power. However, after the amnesty declared by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on April 4, 1919, members of the Alash party and the Alash-Orda government took over the side of Soviet power [1].

Kazakh intelligentsia in USSR
The heyday of the early years of the USSR

From the first years, the USSR's government began the intensive development of the culture of Kazakhstan, including the national one. A successful literacy campaign  was conducted. In 1921, the first Soviet textbooks in their native language were published for Kazakh schools, in the creation of which participated Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Alimkhan Yermekov, Magzhan Zhumabayev, Zhusipbek Aymautov, Ahmet Baitursynov, Saken Seifullin and other famous representatives of the national intelligentsia. The compiler of the first school textbook of algebra in the Kazakh language was Kanysh Satpayev, geography - Alikhan Bukeikhanov, the history of Kazakhstan - Professor Sanzhar Asfendiyarov [9]. By 1932, during the first 15 years of Soviet power, a system of higher educational institutions was established in Kazakhstan, a branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was opened (in 1946, transformed into the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR [10]), 12 research institutes and a large number of other high-tech institutions [11]. Sanjar Asfendiyarov, Temirbek Zhurgenov, Saken Seyfullin, Ahmet Baitursynov, Mukhtar Auezov, Kudaibergen Zhubanov and other Kazakh scientists and culture figures made a significant contribution to the creation of Kazakhstani higher education [9]. In 1926, in Kzyl-Orda, on the basis of the amateur theater of the Orenburg Kazakh Institute of National Education, the first professional Kazakh theater was opened. Mukhtar Auezov, Zhumat Shanin, Seraly Kozhamkulov, Kalibek Kuanyshpayev, Kurmanbek Dzhandarbekov and other Kazakh playwrights, directors and actors stood at its source. The founder of the Kazakh national school of painting was Abylkhan Kasteev, later a national artist of the Kazakh SSR [12].

Period of repression

However, the further strengthening of Soviet power led to serious persecution and crushing repression of the Kazakh intelligentsia. The first round of persecution marked the appointment of Philip Goloshchekin in 1925 as the first secretary of the Kazakhstan regional committee of the CPSU (b). The appointment of Goloshchekin was preceded by a letter from I. V. Stalin to members of the Kazkraykom VKP (b) Bureau of May 29, 1925. In this letter, Stalin noted the similarity of ideas present in the articles of the anti-Soviet emigrant publicist Mustafa Shokai and the materials of the Soviet newspaper Ak Zhol, and demanded that immediate measures be taken on this issue, and also called for the participation of non-partisan intellectuals in the struggle to fronts. As a result, after the III plenum of Kazkraykom VKB (b) in 1926, the Kazakh communists, who held leading positions, were sharply criticized [1]. Many representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia were removed from their posts [13]. In the late 1920s, almost all former leaders of the Alash autonomy were arrested. After being charged with “bourgeois nationalism” and espionage, they were sentenced to imprisonment or exile in the Black Earth Region, and several people were sentenced to death [14]. This period in the history of Kazakhstan was called the “Small October” [13]. The heaviest damage to the Soviet society and the Kazakh intelligentsia in particular was inflicted during the “great terror” of 1937-1938 [14]. According to the Kazakh geologist and historian Nadir Azerbaev, during these years two generations of the Kazakh intelligentsia were destroyed. According to researcher Larisa Kudelina, “the authorities first of all tried to behead the people, eliminating the thinking intelligentsia” [15].