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False Memory and other related Phenomena such as Memory Distortion

Some phenomena challenge our source discrimination and the reliability of our memory. This stands for memory distortion and false memory paradigm that concerns memory reliability. This phenomenon explains the process by which a person fulfills a memory with antecedents that did not occur or changes the events different from what initially occurred. This process occurs when a person is not able to recall actual events from memory, giving erroneous sources that are accessible to them and serve to fill gaps to rely on, defined as false recognition [1]. Memory distortion points to human brain nature and not necessarily flaws of cognitive impairment.

Memory distortion arises from adaptive processes, at which schemas are used for remembering more efficiently but causing distortions [2]. Three domains play a role at distorted memories:

Imagination inflation: when novelistic events that are imagined, lead to overconfidence and misattribute memories, therefore, inducing imaginable false memories [3]. This phenomenon is explained by reality monitoring errors; imaginated event(s) are more likely to be confused with memory if these unreal events share perceptual or conceptual cues of real events [4].

Gist-based errors: memory has limited storage at which numerous details are not stored in memory to be more efficient [5]. This lack of details is associated with false recognition.

Contextual association: process by which the brain has the ability to rapidly predict outcomes of situations, leading to rely on focused-predicted memories, giving a base of representation to memories [6].

Post-event misinformation: paradigm describes the impairment of memory retrieval when misinformation is presented, creating a misinformation effect [7] misleading the source of information.