User:Amattsson/sandbox

Temperature and weather changes

The temperature changes in Antarctica in the past 50 years has been far from uniform over the continent. The Antarctic peninsula and the Scotia Arc are among the Earths most rapidly warming regions while the East Antarctic has not seen any overall significant change in temperature during that period. + IPCC ch 3 -> doi:1038/nature18645 Turner et al 2016

The review Ant environmental change & biological resp: There are parts of the Antarctic Peninsula where the annual mean air temperature has gone up nearly 3 grader C since (

1

J. Turner, R. Bindschadler, P. Convey, G. di Prisco, E. Fahrbach, J. Gutt, D. Hodgson, P. Mayewski, C. Summerhayes, Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, 2009).

) and the sea temperature in the Bellinshausen Sea increased by 1 gr C between 1950 and 2000 (M. P. Meredith, J. C. King, Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the antarctic peninsula during the second half of the 20th century. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' 32, L19604 (2005).).

Sources of interest:

- Chapter 3: Polar regions — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (ipcc.ch)

- Developing resilience to climate change impacts in Antarctica: An evaluation of Antarctic Treaty System protected area policy (sciencedirectassets.com) (av Turner, John, Environmental science & policy, 10/2021, Volym 124)

Outline for articles about specific countries or geographies[edit]
A proposed outline for articles on climate change in specific geographies, including countries or sub-national states is shown below (for example articles in Category:Climate change in the United States by state, Category:Climate change by country). Use only those subheadings where you have relevant information. Ideally, complete articles will eventually offer information on all subheadings.

"Short description" line[edit]
Do include the Wikipedia "short description" line at the top of the article page. The short description of a Wikipedia article is a concise explanation of the scope of the page (see WP:SHORTDES for more details). This can be done in source editor by adding this template (for the example of Kenya):

Lead[edit]

 * This should be about 4 paragraphs long and be a good summary of the entire article, using information from each of the following Headings. See also WP:Lead for more information about leads.

Greenhouse gas emissions[edit]

 * Consider creating a sub-article on "Greenhouse gas emissions by XX" if you are finding that this section is getting too big for this overview article. See Category:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_country to know which countries already have those sub-articles.

Fossil fuel production[edit]

 * Include here also exports

Deforestation[edit]

 * Might include here other land use changes; might also add further categories or "other".

Temperature and weather changes[edit]

 * Add information on observed and predicted temperatures; Extreme weather events such as bushfires, heat waves, droughts

Sea level rise[edit]

 * Only applicable if the country has a coast line

Ecosystems[edit]

 * Coastal (esp. Mangroves, seagrasses, etc)
 * Mountains
 * Forests
 * (Add others if relevant)

Biodiversity[edit]

 * Plant life
 * Animal life
 * Fungi & others

Economic impacts[edit]

 * Agriculture and food production
 * Fisheries
 * Tourism
 * Infrastructure
 * (Add others if relevant)

Health impacts[edit]

 * You may included here health impacts from Heat waves, different disease transmission, air pollution/smog (if the latter is related to climate change)

Impacts on housing (if relevant)[edit]

 * You might include here impacts on type of housing in cities and rural environments, required changes to type of housing

Impacts on migration (if relevant)[edit]

 * You might include here how climate change might have impacted migration of people

Impacts on disadvantaged groups (if relevant)[edit]

 * Information on how climate change affects disadvantaged groups (e.g. women, elderly, youth, migrants, people with disabilities) could be added here.

Mitigation[edit]

 * Check if the country already has a separate article on "Greenhouse gas emissions by XX". If so, then link to that article or use the excerpt function. Leave an overview on mitigation policies here and point the reader to the other article for more details. See Category:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_country. Consider creating a sub-article on "Greenhouse gas emissions by XX" if you are finding that this section is getting too big for this overview article.

Mitigation approaches[edit]

 * Not needed or keep it brief if this information is included in the sub-article "Greenhouse gas emissions by XX"

Policies and legislation to achieve mitigation[edit]

 * Not needed or keep it brief if this information is included in the sub-article "Greenhouse gas emissions by XX"
 * Should include the country's Nationally Determined Contribution

Mitigation and adaptation (alternative option to keep it together)[edit]

 * You might also choose to treat "mitigation and adaptation" together in one section instead of two separate sections.
 * Include here legislation, local ordinances, policies, international participation/Regional networks, alliances / groups, participation in treaty bodies

International cooperation[edit]

 * This section might be relevant for developing countries if there are receiving funds for climate change adaptation projects for example.

Activism[edit]

 * You may include public responses such as: citizen action, NGO initiatives, Protests /grassroots, public opinion surveys, lawsuits

Private sector efforts[edit]

 * You may include private sector efforts, for example information on Green jobs, sustainable energy industry, technical innovation/Research, investment

Historical aspects (optional)[edit]

 * See example of Climate change in Australia of what might go into this section.

Statistics (optional)[edit]

 * If there are large tables that have not yet been moved to a sub-article, they could go here. See example of Climate change in Canada of what might go into this section.

Climate change by state, region or territory (optional)[edit]

 * See example of Climate change in the United States of what might go into this section.

See also[edit]

 * Include "Energy in..." and "Environment in..." articles if they exist

References[edit]

 * Make sure to include National climate change assessments or plans as references if they exist

External links (optional)[edit]
Categories:


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 * This page was last edited on 23 August 2021, at 13:06.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change/Style_guide

It would be good but they should check for content and overlap here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change

I find that with climate change articles, there is often similar/same content covered in several articles. That’s why I have been working on a lot of mergers of different articles staring with “effects of climate change on…” See here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Climate_change#Do_we_need_so_many_sub-articles_on_effects_of_climate_change?

I’m not saying the antarctica article should be merged of course. But they’d have to think about how to prevent duplication.

Victors sandlåda:

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Vdoroshenko95/sandbox&action=edit&redlink=1&preload=Template%3AUser+sandbox%2Fpreload

How to add a citation?


 * 1) Let the Citation Hunt links above suggest a citation needed statements for you, and find one that you think you can research
 * 2) Go to the article, find the statement
 * 3) Click edit in the section header
 * 4) Add the source using the Cite button
 * 5) Remove the "Citation needed" template (highlight and backspace in Visual Editor, or remove the template which adds that tag (it looks like  ))
 * 6) Save the page.

Note: for climate change, these citations can sometimes be very technical. Skip the articles that you don’t think you can fix.

= Climate change in Antarctica = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to searchAntarctic Skin Temperature Trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal infrared observations made by a series of NOAA satellite sensors. Skin temperature trends do not necessarily reflect air temperature trends.

Climate change in Antarctica is resulting in rising temperatures and increasing snowmelt and ice loss. A summary study in 2018 incorporating calculations and data from many other studies estimated that total ice loss in Antarctica due to climate change was 43 gigatons per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002 but has accelerated to an average of 220 gigatons per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. Total mass loss over the period 1992–2018 was likely 2720 gigatons for the grounded part of the Antarctic ice sheet.

Particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica was slightly positive from 1957 to 2006. Over the second half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula was the fastest-warming place on Earth, closely followed by West Antarctica, but these trends weakened in the early 21st-century. Conversely, the South Pole in East Antarctica barely warmed last century, but in the last three decades the temperature increase there has been more than three times greater than the global average. In February 2020, the continent recorded its highest temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) in March 2015.

There is some evidence that surface warming in Antarctica is due to human greenhouse gas emissions, but this is difficult to determine due to internal variability. A main component of climate variability in Antarctica is the Southern Annular Mode, which showed strengthened winds around Antarctica in summer of the later decades of the 20th century, associated with cooler temperatures over the continent. The trend was at a scale unprecedented over the last 600 years; the most dominant driver of this mode of variability is likely the depletion of ozone above the continent.

In 2002, the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009.

Contents

 * 1Impacts on the natural environment
 * 1.12000s
 * 1.22010s
 * 1.32020s
 * 1.4Future impacts of climate change
 * 2See also
 * 3References
 * 3.1Sources
 * 4External links

Impacts on the natural environment[edit]
The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957. The West Antarctic ice sheet has warmed by more than 0.1 °C/decade in the last 50 years, with most of the warming occurring in winter and spring. This is somewhat offset by cooling in East Antarctica during the fall. This effect is restricted to the 1980s and 1990s.

Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change:


 * "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author. Some of the effects also could be natural variability, he said.

2000s[edit]
September 20, 2007 NASA map showing previously un-melted snowmelt

The British Antarctic Survey, which has undertaken the majority of Britain's scientific research in the area, had the following positions in 2006:


 * Ice, especially sea once, increases the sensitivity of polar regions to warming, by introducing a strong positive feedbacks loop.
 * Melting of continental Antarctic ice could contribute to global sea-level rise.
 * Climate models predict more snowfall than ice melting during the next 50 years, but the models are not good enough for them to be confident about the prediction.
 * Antarctica seems to be both warming around the edges and cooling at the center at the same time. Thus it is not possible to say whether it is warming or cooling overall.
 * There is no evidence for a decline in the overall Antarctic sea ice extent.
 * The central and southern parts of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula have warmed by about 2.4 °C. The cause is not known.
 * Changes have occurred in the upper atmosphere over Antarctica.

The area of strongest cooling appears at the South Pole, and the region of strongest warming lies along the Antarctic Peninsula. A possible explanation is that loss of UV-absorbing ozone may have cooled the stratosphere and strengthened the polar vortex, a pattern of spinning winds around the South Pole. The vortex acts like an atmospheric barrier, preventing warmer, coastal air from moving into the continent's interior. A stronger polar vortex might explain the cooling trend in the interior of Antarctica. [1] Ice mass loss since 2002, as measured by NASA's GRACE and GRACE Follow-On satellite projects, was 152 billion metric tons per year.

In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula. The collapse of Larsen B, showing the diminishing extent of the shelf from 1998 to 2002 The Antarctic peninsula has lost a number of ice shelves recently. These are large areas of floating ice which are fed by glaciers. Many are the size of a small country. The sudden collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf in 2002 took 5 weeks or less and may have been due to global warming. Larsen B had previously been stable for up to 12,000 years.

Concern has been expressed about the stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet. A collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet could occur "within 300 years [as] a worst-case scenario. Rapid sea-level rise (>1 m per century) is more likely to come from the WAIS than from the [Greenland ice sheet]."

2010s[edit]
Researchers reported on December 21, 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010, the average temperature at the 1,500-metre-high (5,000 ft) Byrd Station rose by 2.4 degrees Celsius, with warming fastest in its winter and spring. The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth.

A study of the Antarctic Peninsula, a small subregion of Lesser Antarctica, published in 2017 found that the temperature trends at the northern tip of the Peninsula, the north-east region of the Peninsula, and the South Shetland Islands "shifted from a warming trend of 0.32 °C/decade during 1979–1997 to a cooling trend of −0.47 °C/decade during 1999–2014" but that this variation was absent from the south-west region of the Peninsula.

In 2015, the temperature showed changes but in a stable manner and the only months that have drastic change in that year are August and September. It also did show that the temperature was very stable throughout the year.

A 2018 systematic review of all previous studies and data by the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE) found that Antarctica lost 2720 ± 1390 gigatons of ice during the period from 1992 to 2017, enough to contribute 7.6 millimeters to sea level rise once all detached icebergs melt. Most ice losses occurred in West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula. The overall loss has substantially accelerated since the 2012 IMBIE assessment: an average loss of 43 gigatons per year during the first ten years, 1992 to 2002, rose to an average of 220 gigatons per year in the last 5 years. East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.

Through his ongoing study, climate scientist, Nick Golledge, has estimated that Antarctic ice sheets will continue to melt and will have a profound effect on global climate.According to Golledge's analysis, by the year 2100, 25 centimeters of water will have been added to the world's ocean, as water temperature continues to rise.

2020s[edit]
Scientists confirm the first active leak of sea-bed methane in Antarctica and report that "the rate of microbial succession may have an unrealized impact on greenhouse gas emission from marine methane reservoirs".

From 1989 to 2018, the South Pole experienced a record high statistically significant warming of 0.61 ± 0.34 °C per decade, more than three times the global average. However, this warming lies within the upper bounds of the simulated range of natural variability, leading researchers to conclude that extreme decadal variability has masked anthropogenic warming across interior Antarctica during the twenty-first century.

On 1 July 2021, the United Nations' World Meteorological Organization confirmed that a record high temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) had been recorded in Antarctica at the Esperanza Base.

Future impacts of climate change[edit]
Antarctic Ice Shelf loss visualized Even if global temperature rise is limited to the Paris Agreement's stated temperature goals of capping global mean temperature increases to 1.5–2°C above pre-industrial levels, there is still concern that West Antarctic ice-sheet instability may be already irreversible. If a similar trajectory, still under the global temperature limit goals, persists, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet may also be at risk of permanent destabilization. It has been shown using physics-based computer modeling that even with a 2°C reduction in global mean temperatures Antarctic ice loss could continue at the same rate as it did in the first two decades of the 21st century.

The continued effects of climate change is likely to be felt by animal populations as well. Adélie penguins, a species of penguin found only along the coast of Antarctica, may see nearly one-third of their current population threatened by 2060 with unmitigated climate change. Emperor penguin populations may be at a similar risk, with 80% of populations being at risk of extinction by 2100 with no mitigation. With Paris Agreement temperature goals in place, however, that number may decline to 19% under the 2 °C goal or 31% under the 1.5 °C goal. Warming ocean temperatures have also reduced the amount of krill and copepods in the ocean surrounding Antarctica, which has led to the inability of baleen whales to recover from pre-whaling levels. Without a reversal in temperature increases, baleen whales are likely to be forced to adapt their migratory patterns or face local extinction.

Finally, the development of Antarctica for the purposes of industry, tourism, or an increase in research facilities may put direct pressure on the continent and threaten its status as largely untouched land.

See also[edit]

 * Antarctic sea ice

References[edit]

 * 1) ^ The Danger of a Runaway Antarctica March 31, 2016,
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 * 3) ^ IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch9 2021, p. 9-6, line 42
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 * 19) ^ Retrieved=2009-01-22 Archived 29 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
 * 20) ^ Antarctica study challenges warming skeptics, Jan 21, 2009,
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 * 25) ^ IPCC 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2007, page 376.
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 * 30) ^ West Antarctica warming fast; Temperature record from high-altitude station shows unexpectedly rapid rise December 21, 2012 Science News
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External links[edit]

 * White Ocean of Ice Antarctica and climate change blog
 * Antarctica is losing ice at an accelerating rate. How much will sea levels rise? on YouTube published on April 10, 2019 PBS NewsHour

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Climate change