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= Jennifer Stoddart = This is an addition to Jennifer Stoddart … content from the original page has been moved over here, where I have added onto it/moved it… original Wikipedia text in BOLD.)

Jennifer Stoddart (born 1949) was the sixth Privacy Commissioner of Canada. Stoddart became the sixth Privacy Commissioner of Canada on December 1, 2003 where she held the position for ten years, until December 2, 2013. She was proceeded by Chantal Bernier (interim, 2013-2014) and succeeded by Robert Marleau (interim, 2003). During the ten years of her term, she was outspoken in critiquing how the Canadian federal government handles and protects personal, sensitive data, as well as the need to update Canada’s privacy laws (PIPEDA, the Privacy Act and the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act). She is often referred to as "Canada's privacy watchdog" because of her commitment to privacy concerns. She has also looked into Google and Facebook privacy practices, specifically how these companies violate Canadian privacy laws. John Simpson, a consumer advocate with Consumer Watchdog in Santa Monica, California, has said, "She has taken the lead in sounding the privacy alarm." In 2012, she wrote to Google to express concerns about the company's plans to consolidate dozens of privacy policies for its various services into one, which is just one of many times she has called Google to take action in bettering their privacy policies.

Early life and education
Stoddart was born in 1949 in Toronto. At the beginning of her education, Stoddart held research interests in woman, history and language. However, she is most known for her work in privacy and policy, which were interests she developed later in her academic career. She completed most of her education in either Ontario or Quebec, Canada. In 1967 she graduated from Neuchâtel Junior College in Switzerland. In 1970 she received a Bachelors of Arts in History and Modern Languages from Trinity College, University of Toronto. In 1974 she studied Quebec social history at Université du Québec à Montréal, and received a Master of Arts in history. In 1980 she received a licence in civil law from McGill University and was admitted to the bar in 1981. She attended Université de Paris VII, where she completed her course work for a doctoral degree, however, she did not write her thesis and therefore never graduated. However, she later received honorary doctoral degrees in law from Ottawa University in 2013, and McGill in 2015.

Personal Life
Stoddart is the daughter of an Ontario government transport lawyer and a kindergarten teacher. She was introduced to French in preschool, which she believes gave her a life-long interest in culture and social issues. She is also fluent in five languages. She has two adult sons with her husband, an architect and professor of urban planning. Although little is known about her personal life, in an interview she told the Globe and Mail that she keeps an Arabian endurance horse outside of Montreal where she trains to compete in long-distance rides. In 2010 she rode for four hours on a 25-mile endurance competition in Vermont, and told Jacquie McNish, "Before I get too old I want to do a 50-mile endurance competition."

Career
'''As a lawyer she worked to modernize regulations and remove barriers to employment based on gender or cultural differences. She headed the Quebec Commission on Access to Information and held senior positions at the Quebec Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission, the Canadian Human Rights Commission and the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.'''

Stoddart was the Chair of the Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec from 2000 to 2003. During her time with the commission, she released a report, Reforming Access to Information: Choosing Transparency, which led to major changes to the legislation governing access to information and the protection of personal information.

'''On December 1, 2003, Stoddart was appointed Canada's Privacy Commissioner by the Governor in Council for a seven-year term. In December 2010, she was reappointed for a three-year term, which ended in December 2013. In her role as commissioner she gave an annual report to Parliament about privacy trends and results of investigations, including privacy audits of government departments. Her 2013 report drew attention to privacy problems with the Canada Revenue Agency. She represented Canada at the annual International Conference on Privacy and Personal Data Protection.'''

During her exit-interview from her position as Canada's Privacy Commissioner, she noted that her successor will have to take on more complex national security issues. Near the end of her term she followed implications of new technologies such as drones, and facial recognition software and the need to put limits on these as well as "more frameworks for individual actions."

'''In November 2005, a journalist showed Stoddart her own telecommunication-data for the past few months - the ones from her private connection as well as those from the blackberry-systems provided by the government - which he had bought by an online data broker for about $200. In 2008, she drew international headlines when she announced an investigation into the privacy policies of Facebook, which resulted in the social media site instituting privacy protections for its users.'''

'''Stoddart has been active in the Canadian Bar Association and the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice. She also serves as one of the board members on the social purpose corporation, Purism, which makes security-focused, Debian GNU/Linux based laptops & tablets.'''

Internationally, she has sought better protection for Canadians’ data, leading many personal data protection initiatives. While Privacy Commissioner, she worked with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) where, in 2007, she worked on the adoption of the Guidelines governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, and, in 2013, worked to update Privacy Guidelines. She co-chaired the proceedings from 2014-2016 that led to the OECD Recommendation on Health Data Governance made by the ministers of health of OECD members in January 2017, recommendations that tried to develop public policy objectives in healthcare while minimizing and managing privacy and security risks.

In November 2018, Fasken announced that Stoddart would be joining their firm as a Strategic Advisor in the Privacy and Cybersecurity Group. Since entering the position, she has continued to advocate for better privacy practices in Canada. In this position, she works with clients on issues that include organizations’ compliance with the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), the status of Canadian legislation, and current and future international trends in this area.

During an interview for the Canadian Security magazine she talks about how Canadian businesses should prepare for cyberthreats, and how Canadians in general should handle anxiety related to cyber privacy concerns. She has also published an article outlining how Canada's privacy model is superior to the US's.

During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, she wrote about how workplaces in Canada can manage an international workforce in a global pandemic, focusing specifically on travel and immigration issues.

Outside of her position, she is also active in the community. In 2014 she was named honorary Colonel of the 34th Combat Engineer Regiment. Since 2012, she has also worked as a mentor with the Women’s Executive Network (WXN), an organization that focuses on empowering women and creating positive social change, and as a mentor with McGill University law faculty, where she provides second-year students personalized advice.

Honours
Jennifer Stoddart has received two Doctorates of Laws, honoris causa (LLD), first at the University of Ottawa’s Spring 2013 convocation and again at McGill University’s fall convocation ceremonies on Tuesday, November 10, 2015.

Academic Work
Stoddart’s academic work ranges from books, speeches/conference presentations, news interviews, and journal and news articles. She speaks out about privacy concerns from a wide range of perspectives, from a Canadian/nation perspective to an international perspective. Her early career is focused on history and women studies, before she shifts to law, where she focuses on privacy and policy related issues.

During her time as Privacy Commissioner, she investigated global privacy issues concerning international trade. Her work with international organizations including: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), looked at ways to protect and improve privacy rights on a global scale. She hosted the 29th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners in 2007 in Montreal, Canada, bringing together some of the world's foremost data protection experts. Further, she has written extensively on UK and the European Union trade, and preparation for data protection during Brexit. While Privacy Commissioner, Stoddart has also led some significant investigations within the public sector, including audits of the government's personal information disposal practices, its use of wireless technology, the Passenger Protect Program, Passport Canada, the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC), and the RCMP's Exempt Databanks.

Stoddart has advocated for toughening Canadian privacy laws in general. During the International Association of Privacy Professionals 2013 Canada Privacy Symposium in Toronto she stated that Canada should be strengthening the provisions of PIPEDA after a number of privacy breaches in the private sector. She stated that PIPEDA does not provide enough incentives for companies or organizations to consider privacy when making risk assessments, and does not grant the Commissioner power to enforce its provisions. The report recommends amending PIPEDA to provide the Commissioner with greater enforcement powers, as well as, requiring entities to report data breaches and notify individuals affected by a breach, and to create more accountability and transparency standards for the collection personal data.

Stoddart has written about terrorism, and post 9/11 concerns of security that have conflicted with privacy concerns. She believes that these two issues (security versus privacy) must be reconciled in order to maintain the privacy rights that are fundamental to Canada. In an interview she states, “if enhancing our security against outside or even inside threats we start to lose the very values that make up the identity of our society, I think we have a serious problem.” She critiques 'opaque' systems that have been developed in an attempt to tighten security, such as the no-fly list, are used with little rationale. She also spoke out about Bill C-7, the Public Safety Act, in 2004. She stated, "Let me be clear at the outset. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner objects strongly to this bill for two reasons. First, the proposed legislation is far too broad. Second, to use a word we all understand, this bill co-opts private sector organizations by pressing them into service in support of law enforcement activities."

In her written work, as well as in interviews, she publicly questions the need for legislation which lets police spy on Internet users without the need for a warrant. Looking at the privacy expectations in the public, she argues that, according to the Supreme Court of Canada, people continue to have a reasonable expectation of privacy even when they are in a public space or a space under general surveillance. Another key issue she addresses is the need for the protection of personal information during federal elections. Voting by secret ballot has been used in Canada since the 19th century, making it difficult to link a vote to a single person. However, with advancements in technology, political parties in Canada can now amass and purchase large amounts data. Elections have now become data-driven, as specialized software can use individual voter profiling to help political analysts decide where to target different political messages.

Stoddart is most notably associated with her research on large American companies, Google and Facebook. In her article "Privacy in the Era of Social Networking: Legal Obligations of Social Media Sites" published in 2011, she addresses several concerns with the companies. When looking at Google Street view, her office (Office of the Privacy Commissioner) wrote to Google informing them of PIPEDA requirements, but did not receive a response from Google until they made their letter public. When Google Street View went live, most of the privacy concerns that Stoddart brought to Google had been met. The article also looked at Google Wifi. Stoddart's office found that Google violated the privacy rights of Canadians by collecting e-mail addresses, passwords, and some complete e-mail messages from unsecured home wireless networks as its Street View vehicles roamed the streets. As a result of this investigation, Google had to make more changes following Stoddart's recommendations. Similarly, Stoddart's office investigated Facebook, looking for potential privacy concerns. During this investigation, they were concerned with the sharing of personal information with third-party developers of applications such as games and quizzes accessed through Facebook. They were concerned that Facebook lacked the technical safeguards to effectively restrict third parties from accessing personal data/information of users and their friend. Furthermore, Facebook users were not informed about what information was being collected or why. After Stoddart's investigation, Facebook decided to limit the access to parts of a user's profile to only the information that the application requires.

Although the majority of the work associated with Stoddart has to do with privacy, she also held interest in women's studies earlier in her academic career. She co-authored a book Quebec woman: a history with Micheline Dumont, Michele Jean, Marie Lavigne, Rosalind Gill, and Clio Collectif. This book draws on research from a variety of disciplines and tries to show what daily life looked like for ordinary woman of Quebec at each stage of its history, starting in 1617. Hugh McKellar, a Toronto writer, reviewed this book in 1988, writing, "When factors beyond a woman's control prevented her from living happily ever after, she too often had to swim with both hands tied. Yet this book is no longer lamentation, but rather a celebration of endurance and achievement hitherto unhonored and unsung." Stoddart continued to research women, tying this into her later research interests in law. While vice-president of the Quebec Human Rights Commission, she wrote about how apparent gender-neutral policies have a disproportionately adverse impact on the lives of women.

Books

 * 1982 – (co-authors: Micheline Dumont, Michele Jean, Marie Lavigne) L'Histoire des femmes au Québec depuis quatre siècles (English: History of Women in Quebec over Four Centuries)
 * 1984 – (co-authors: Elizabeth Atcheson, Mary Eberts, Beth Symes) Women and legal action: precedents, resources and strategies for the future
 * 1987 – (co-authors: Micheline Dumont, Michele Jean, Marie Lavigne, Rosalind Gill, Clio Collectif) Quebec women: a history
 * 2001 – (co-author: André Ouimet) Des technologies de surveillance sous surveillance par Jennifer Stoddart, présidente Commission d'accès à l'information (English: Surveillance technologies under surveillance by Jennifer Stoddart, Chairperson Access to Information Commission)

Speeches and Speaking Engagements

 * 2001 – Allocution de Jennifer Stoddart, présidente Commission d'accès à l'information dans le cadre de la Semaine du commerce électronique (English: Remarks by Jennifer Stoddart, Chairperson Access to Information Commission for Electronic Commerce Week)
 * 2002 – Notes pour un allocution de Madame Jennifer Stoddart, présidente de la Commission d'accès à l'information présentation du rapport quinnquennal, conférence de presse (English: Notes for an address by Ms. Jennifer Stoddart, Chair of the Access to Information Commission presentation of the five-year report, press conference)
 * 2003 – D'ouverture de Madame Jennifer Stoddart, présidente de la Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec lors de la Conférence sur les renseignements personnels en santé (English: Opening remarks by Ms. Jennifer Stoddart, President of the Quebec Access to Information Commission at the Conference on Personal Health Information)
 * 2015 – (Speaker) Trends in Changing the Rules for Data Protection, IAPP Canada Privacy Symposium 2015
 * 2017 – (Speaker) Canadian Privacy: Past, Present and Future, IAPP Canada Privacy Symposium 2017
 * 2018 – (Speaker) GDPR, Adequacy and Business: A Canadian Balancing Act, IAPP Canada Privacy Symposium 2018
 * 2018 – (Moderator) Privacy and Cybersecurity Hot Business Risks, IAPP Canada Privacy Symposium 2018
 * 2019 – (Speaker) Turbulence in the Data Protection World: What’s coming for Canada, Vancouver KnowledgeNet: 6 November 2019
 * 2019 – Legal Issues in Privacy & Cyber Security, Compliance and Best Practices, InfoNex Toronto, ON
 * 2019 – (Moderator) How to Survive a Data Breach Canada and Alberta, IAPP Canada Privacy Symposium 2019 Toronto, ON
 * 2019 – Expert Consultation on Accountability, 44th Meeting of the OECD Working Party on Security and Privacy in the Digital Economy (SPDE)
 * 2020 – (Speaker) A Privacy Law Fit for 2030: Balancing Innovation and Privacy Rights, IAPP Canada Privacy Symposium 2020

Awards

 * 2009 – Prix Reconnaissance, Université du Québec à Montréal
 * 2010 – Karen Spector Memorial Award, Ontario Bar Association
 * 2011 – Avocat Émérite and the Christine Tourigny Award of Merit, Québec Bar
 * 2011 – Women’s Executive Network Public Sector Leaders Award
 * 2012 – International Champion Award, Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)

Memberships and Affiliations

 * 1981-2017 – Member, Québec Bar
 * 1985-2015 – Member, Canadian Bar Association
 * 1995-1996 – President, Association francophone pour le savoir (ACFAS)
 * 2012-Present – Mentor, Women’s Executive Network (WXN)
 * 2014-2019 – Member of the board of directors, International Association of Privacy Professionals
 * 2014-2016 – Co-chair, OECD Council on Health Data Governance
 * 2014-2015 – Member, Committee for the Statutory Review of the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act of Newfoundland and Labrador
 * 2014-Present – Visiting Scholar, Centre of Genomics and Policy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University
 * 2014-Present – Foundation Senior Scholar, Information Accountability Foundation
 * 2015 – Mentor, Trudeau Foundation
 * 2015-2018 – Consultant, Nymity, Inc.