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=Interpersonal Theory of Suicide= The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, a theory whose purpose is to explain why individuals engage in suicidal behavior and also, to identify individuals who are at risk, was developed by Thomas E. Joiner Jr. and is outlined in Why People Die By Suicide. A number of risk factors have been linked to suicidal behavior and there are many theories of suicide that integrate these established risk factors. However, few are capable of explaining all of the phenomena associated with suicidal behavior as The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide does. Another strength of this theory lies in its ability to be tested empirically. It is constructed in a way that allows for falsifiability. To date, a number of studies have found support for the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide.

Desire for Suicide
The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide consists of three components that together, lead to suicide attempts. According to the theory, the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness produce the desire for suicide. While the desire for suicide is necessary, it alone will not result in death by suicide. Rather, Joiner asserts that one must have the acquired capability- the acquired ability to overcome one’s natural fear of death.

Thwarted Belongingness
Belongingness, feeling accepted by others, is believed to be a fundamental need, something that is essential for an individual’s psychological health and well-being. Increased social connectedness, a construct related to belongingness, has been shown to lower risk for suicide. More specifically, being married, having children, and have more friends are associated with a lower risk of suicidal behavior ( . “Pulling together” (e.g., gathering for sporting events, celebrations) with others has been shown to have a preventive effect . For example, suicide rates have been lower on Super Bowl Sundays than other Sundays and it is believed that the social connectedness that occurs from being a fan of a sport’s team increases one’s feeling of belongingness . In contrast, social isolation is frequently reported by those who die by suicide prior to death ..

Perceived Burdensomeness
Perceived burdensomeness is the belief that one is a burden on others or society. Joiner describes perceived burdensomeness as the belief that “my death is worth more than my life" . Unemployment, medical or health problems, and incarceration are examples of situations in which a person may feel like they are a burden to others . It is important to note that the burdensomeness is “perceived” and often times, is a tragically false belief. According to the theory, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, together, constitute the desire for suicide.

Acquired Capability
Joiner terms this “acquired” capability because it is not an ability with which we are born. Rather, this ability to engage in behaviors that is only acquired through our life experiences. Fear of death is a natural instinct. It is a very powerful force that serves to protect us. According to the theory, one’s fear of death is weakened when one is exposed to physical pain or provocative life experiences as these experiences often lead to fearlessness and pain insensitivity. These experiences could include childhood trauma, witnessing a traumatic event, suffering from a severe illness, or engaging in self-harm behaviors.

These behaviors are thought to result in the desensitization to painful stimuli, and increase one’s ability to engage in suicidal behaviors. This component is important in identifying individuals who are likely to attempt or die by suicide. For example, certain professions are exposed to physical pain or provocative experiences like soldiers, surgeons, police officers, etc. More specifically, soldiers with a history of combat have likely been exposed to grave injuries, witnessing the death of others, and are habituated to fear of painful experiences. This is consistent with data indicating an increased rate of suicide in soldiers. Past attempts of suicide has been found to be the number one predictor of future attempts. This is consistent with Joiner’s theory; individuals who attempt suicide will habituate to the fear of death, and this weakened fear will make an individual more likely to make a subsequent attempt.

Implications
A survey study of a large population-based cohort provides support for the Interpersonal Theory in that the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness predicted suicidal ideation, and suicidal ideation and ability predicted plans to attempt suicide and actual attempts.

The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide identifies factors clinicians should assess for increased suicide risk and factors that should be targeted in prevention and treatment. Furthermore, the theory provides avenues of future research for scientists.