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Group Captain Dr Robert Bruce Lee AO (1943-2018) was a well-known and highly regarded international consultant on human factors, systems safety, and accident/incident investigation, working with airlines, airports, regulators and air safety investigation organisations. In addition to aviation, he worked in other transport modes, including rail, and in high technology industries such as nuclear power, and healthcare. In recognition of his contribution to the field of aviation, Dr Lee was inducted into the Aviation Hall of Fame in 2019.

Background and early life
Dr Lee was born in Sydney, Australia on 24 September 1943. He grew up in the Sydney suburb of Kogarah. His father, Leslie Pearce Lee, was a pilot who flew for Trans Australia Airlines (TAA).

Education
Dr Lee graduated from the Australian National University in 1970 with First Class Honours in Psychology, winning the Australian Psychological Society Prize.

In 1974 he completed his PhD in Psychology at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. His research was concerned with human performance in complex man-machine systems, with particular reference to aviation.

Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)
In 1976, Dr Lee was appointed Staff Officer, Psychological Services (SOPSYCHS), Headquarters Operational Command (HQOC), RAAF. He became the first RAAF psychologist to serve as a human factors specialist on RAAF accident investigations involving F-111, Mirage and Iroquois types.

Bureau of Air Safety Investigation
In 1983, Dr Lee joined the Bureau of Air Safety Investigation (BASI) as the Bureau’s first human factors specialist.He established and developed the human factors, systems safety, data analysis and research capability within BASI. He became the Director of BASI in 1989, a position he held until 1999.

Under Dr Lee, BASI became a leading international agency in pioneering the innovative application of advanced human factors and systems safety concepts to air safety investigation and proactive accident prevention, working in partnership with the domestic and international aviation industry, as well as the military. During his time first as Assistant Director, and, subsequently, as Director, Dr Lee developed a high level of ongoing cooperation between BASI and Australian Defence Force aviation safety agencies – currently the Directorate of Defence Aviation and Air Force Safety (DDAAFS). This included negotiating and signing a memorandum of understanding between BASI and Defence aviation safety to enhance and formalise mutual cooperation between BASI and its military equivalents. This cooperation focused on human factors training, sharing of resources, including flight data and cockpit voice recorder readouts, as well as military and civil air safety investigators working together in the field on civil and military accident investigations.

International Consultant
In November 2000, Dr Lee set up his own consultancy company, and worked as an international consultant in human factors and systems safety, in aviation and in other high technology industries until the time of his death in 2018. He was a specialist adviser to the Boards of Inquiry into the RAN Sea King accident that occurred in Indonesia in April 2005, and the Army Blackhawk accident that occurred on HMAS Kanimbla off Fiji in November 2006. Dr Lee's expertise was in high demand across multiple national and international investigations, including the Gulf Air A320 accident at Bahrain in August 2000; the Singapore Airlines Boeing 747 runway accident at Taipei in October 2000; and the mid-air collision between a B757 and a Russian Tupelov 154M over Ueberlingen, Germany, in 2002. Dr Lee co-developed and lectured on integrated safety management systems and human factors courses for five weeks each year at the Singapore Aviation Academy.

Dr Lee was a member of the expert panel on safety management systems appointed by the Special Commission of Inquiry into the Waterfall rail accident in January 2003. He also served on the advisory board of the NSW Independent Transport Safety and Reliability Regulator, and the nuclear safety committee of the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency.

RAAF Specialist Reserve
Dr Lee joined the RAAFSR in 1984 and attained the rank of Group Captain. In his RAAFSR capacity he acted as a consultant, and also provided training in human factors, systems safety, safety management systems, air safety investigation, crew resource management (CRM), risk management, safety information systems, maintenance resource management (MRM), working primarily with DDAAFS and its predecessors, DAFS and DFS.

Professional Affiliations
Dr Lee served as a member of the International Society of Air Safety Investigators, the European Association for Aviation Psychology (EAAP), and the Australasian Society of Aerospace Medicine. He was also Vice-President of the Australian Aviation Psychology Association. He was a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, and a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. From April 2011 to March 2012 he served as Technical and Air Safety Director of the Australian Region of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators (GAPAN).

Awards
In 1989, Dr Lee won the Henry Wigram Award of the New Zealand Division of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

In November 2000, Dr Lee was awarded the Aviation Human Factors Achievement Award by the Australian Aviation Psychology Association.

In 2003, Dr Lee was awarded an International Prize by the Captain A. G. Vette Flight Safety Research Trust of New Zealand.

In 2010, Dr Lee was awarded the Australian Bi-Centennial Award by the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators (GAPAN),“in recognition of an outstanding individual contribution to Australian Aviation”.

In the 2012 Queen’s Birthday Honours, Dr Lee was made an Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AO):“For distinguished service to the aviation industry, to the development of air safety and accident investigation standards, and to national and international professional associations”.

In September 2014 at the European Association for Aviation Psychology Conference in Malta, Dr Lee received the 2014 EAAP Award “for his outstanding achievements in aviation psychology”.

In November 2015, Dr Lee received the Royal Aeronautical Society’s 2015 Specialist Gold Award “for exceptional work that has led to substantial advances in specialist disciplines in the aerospace industry”.The award was accompanied by the Roger Green Medal, “which is conferred for a significant and lasting contribution to the theory or practical development of human factors as applied in aerospace. These awards were in recognition of Dr Lee's world-class contribution to aviation safety management, especially hispromotion of human factors and a systems approaching the investigation and prevention of aircraft accidents.

In December 2017, the ATSB’s primary conference room was named the Rob Lee Room in recognition of his outstanding contribution to improving transport safety in Australia.

In November 2018, Dr Lee was posthumously inducted into the Australian Aviation Hall of Fame.

Publications
Dr Lee is a co-author with Professor James Reason, Captain Dan Maurino and Captain Neil Johnston, of the book Beyond Aviation Human Factors, first published in 1995. He was an associate editor of the international journal Human Factors and Aerospace Safety.