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Modern Examples
Modern political scholars argue that distributive policies encompass programs and grants that emphasize the general taxation distributing benefits to narrow constituencies. These include the traditional pork barrel of public works  Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnsen ,“The political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89, No.4 <\ref>, rivers and harbors projects,  highway construction , categorical grants-in-aid , urban renewal , mass transit , sewage treatment plants  model cities , and military procurement .” Rivers and harbors legislation during 1889 and 1913 is a representation of distributional practices occurring in the House of Representatives over the appropriations of “oversized coalitions of districts”  Wilson, “An Empirical Test of Preferences for the Political Pork Barrel: District Level Appropriations for River and Harbor Legislation.” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 30, No.4 <\ref>

Historical Examples
The earliest distributive policies were “first coined for nineteenth-century land policies, but easily extended to include most contemporary public land and resource policies; rivers and harbors programs; defense procurement and R&D; labor, business, and agricultural ‘clientele’ services; and the traditional tariff” In fact, during the nineteenth century, a majority of policies devised by the federal government were distributive.  Lowi, “Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice” Public Administration Interview, Vol. 32, No. 4 <\ref>

Examples of Non-distributive Policies
These distributive policies are distinguished from non-distributive programs in that non-distributive policies are often designed to serve nongeographic constituencies. The most representative example is entitlement programs targeting specific socioeconomic groups in mind, such as “the malnourished (food stamps), the unhealthy (Medicare), the poor (welfare), the retired (social security), the injured worker (workmen’s compensation), or the automobile driver (automotive product safety). Rather, distributive policies are likely to target populations that are “both powerful and positively constructed.”  Schneider and Ingram, “Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. 2 <\ref>

Reference
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