User:Anasalialmalla

'communication and electronics engineering'
==== Electronics and Communication Engineering branch deals with analog and digital transmission & reception of data, voice and video, basic electronics, solid state devices, microprocessors, digital and analog communication, analog integrated circuits, satellite communication, microwave engineering, antennae and wave progression. It also deals with the manufacturing of electronic devices, circuits, and communications equipment like transmitter, receiver, integrated circuits, microwaves, and fiber among others. It aims to deepen the knowledge and skills of the students on the basic concepts and theories that will equip them in their professional work involving analysis, systems implementation, operation, production, and maintenance of the various applications in the field of Electronics and Communications Engineering ====

history of electronic communication
The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing pictographs of accounts written on clay tablets. The Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing.
 * 3500 BC to 2900 BC The Phoenicians develop an alphabet.
 * 1775 BC	Greeks use a phonetic alphabet written from left to right.
 * 1270 BC	The first encyclopedia is written in Syria.
 * 900 BC	The very first postal service - for government use in China.
 * 530 BC	The Greeks start the very first library.


 * 105 BC	Tsai Lun of China invents paper as we know it.
 * 1450	Newspapers appear in Europe.
 * 1799 invention of the electric battery by volta


 * 1831	Joseph Henry invents the first electric telegraph.


 * 1835	Samuel Morse invents Morse code.

Alexander Bain patents the first fax machine.
 * 1843	Samuel Morse invents the first long distance electric telegraph line.
 * 1864 maxwell`s electromagnetic equations by maxwell
 * 1867	American, Sholes the first successful and modern typewriter.
 * 1876	Alexander Graham Bell patents the electric telephone.
 * 1888	George Eastman patents Kodak roll film camera.
 * 1889	Almon Strowger patents the direct dial telephone or automatic telephone exchange.


 * 1894	Guglielmo Marconi improves wireless telegraphy.
 * 1898	First telephone answering machines.
 * 1902	Guglielmo Marconi transmits radio signals from Cornwall to Newfoundland - the first radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean.


 * 1906	Lee Deforest invents the electronic amplifying tube or triode - this allowed all electronic signals to be amplified improving all electronic communications telephones and radios.
 * 1910	Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture.
 * 1916	First radios with tuners - different stations.


 * 1923	The television or iconoscope (cathode-ray tube) invented by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin - first television camera.


 * 1925	John Logie Baird transmits the first experimental television signal.


 * 1927	First television broadcasts in England.

First television broadcasts in the United States.
 * 1930	Radio popularity spreads with the "Golden Age" of radio.


 * 1934	Joseph Begun invents the first tape recorder for broadcasting - first magnetic recording.

Transistor invented - enabling the miniaturization of electronic devices.
 * 1938	Television broadcasts able to be taped and edited - rather than only live.
 * 1939	Scheduled television broadcasts begin.


 * 1949	Network television starts in U.S.
 * 1951	Computers are first sold commercially.


 * 1958	Integrated Circuit invented - enabling the further miniaturization of electronic devices and computers.


 * 1969	ARPANET - the first Internet started.


 * 1971	The computer floppy disc invented.


 * 1976	Apple I home computer invented.
 * 1979	First cellular phone communication network started in Japan..

First laptop computers sold to public. Computer mouse becomes regular part of computer.
 * 1980	Sony Walkman invented.
 * 1981	IBM PC first sold.

First cellular phone network started in the United States.
 * 1983	Time magazines names the computer as "Man of the Year."

IBM PC AT released.
 * 1984	Apple Macintosh released.


 * 1994	American government releases control of internet and WWW is born - making communication at lightspeed.

the typical syllabus of communication and electronics engineering
 electronic circuits 

An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow. The combination of components and wires allows various simple and complex operations to be performed: signals can be amplified, computations can be performed, and data can be moved from one place to another. Circuits can be constructed of discrete components connected by individual pieces of wire, but today it is much more common to create interconnections by photolithographic techniques on a laminated substrate (a printed circuit board or PCB) and solder the components to these interconnections to create a finished circuit. In an integrated circuit or IC, the components and interconnections are formed on the same substrate, typically a semiconductor such as silicon or (less commonly) gallium arsenide. Breadboards, perfboards or stripboards are common for testing new designs. They allow the designer to make quick changes to the circuit during development. An electronic circuit can usually be categorized as an analog circuit, a digital circuit or a mixed-signal circuit (a combination of analog circuits and digital circuits) .

 communications 

Analog communication systems amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne noise conditions. Digital communication systems pulse code modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), Delta modulation (DM), digital modulation schemes-amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes ( ASK, PSK , FSK ), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes, GSM, TDMA.

 signals and systems 

Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, z-transform. Sampling theorems. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density, function analogy between vectors & functions.

 Electromagnetics 

Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss' and Stokes' theorems, Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart impedance matching pulse excitation. Wave guides modes in rectangular wave guides boundary conditions cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Antennas : Dipole antennas; antenna arrays; radiation pattern; reciprocity theorem, antenna gain.

 control systems 

Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams — Mason's rule. Open loop and closed loop (negative unity feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Analysis of steady-state disturbance rejection and noise sensitivity. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis and design root loci, Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller (PID). Discretization of continuous time systems using Zero-order hold (ZOH) and ADCs for digital controller implementation. Limitations of digital controllers: aliasing. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems. Linearization of Nonlinear dynamical systems with state-space realizations in both frequency and time domains. Fundamental concepts of controllability and observability for MIMO LTI systems. State space realizations: observable and controllable canonical form. Ackermann's formula for state-feedback pole placement. Design of full order and reduced order estimators.

 Network analysis 

Network graphs matrices associated with graphs incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton's maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.