User:Anbaker/sandbox

Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is a mental disorder that affects a persons moral standards of thinking. APD can be comorbid with certain substance use disorders. Mental disorders or psychiatric disorders, such as APD, are illnesses that affect the brain in some way and some can be developed within the brain. As the years move forward, more and more research on  APD begin to reveal prospective important trending abnormalities, such as poor prefrontal functioning being the reason these individuals have violent and unsociable tendencies. Antisocial personality disorder affects about 4% of the US population and is characterized by pathological impulsivity. Impulsivity is defined as keeping a stable personality trait, and cognitive-behavioral mechanisms of impulse actions and impulse choices. Men with ADP that hold a criminal record scored higher on trait impulsivity than healthy men. Antisocial personality disorder is associated with physical partner violence, especially male-to-female victimization. A study conducted of those charged with domestic violence offences showed significant levels of antisocial personality disorder traits. Interestingly, those in relationships who both had substance use disorder and antisocial personality disorder showed reduce physical partner violence.Psychopathy is important when studying the criminal justice system. The only problem is that now psychopathy is branched under Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in the DSM-5 which has been criticized for not being able to cover all of psychopathy. It is well known and researched that ASPD affects regions of the brain, but not much has been researched on the effects of the communication between these brain regions. A study conducted by Weixiong Jiang, Feng Shi, Jian Liao, Huasheng Liu, Tao Wang, Celina Shen, Hui Shen, Dewen Hu, Wei Wang, and Dinggang Shem, found that patients with ASPD displayed a decrease in neural efficiency due to longer, and in some cases integrated, neural pathways.

Jiang, W., Shi, F., Liao, J., Liu, H., Wang, T., Shen, C., … Shen, D. (2017). Disrupted functional connectome in antisocial personality disorder. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 11(4), 1071–1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9572-z

Kelley, M. L., & Braitman, A. L. (2016). Antisocial personality disorder and physical partner violence among single and dual substance-abusing couples. Journal of Family Violence, 31(4), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9802-6

Lijffijt, M., Lane, S. D., Mathew, S. J., Stanford, M. S., & Swann, A. C. (2017). Heightened early-attentional stimulus orienting and impulsive action in men with antisocial personality disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(7), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0734-1

Mental Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.snmmi.org/AboutSNMMI/Content.aspx ?

Raine, A. (2000, February 01). Reduced Prefrontal Gray Matter Volume and Reduced Autonomic Activity in Antisocial Personality Disorder. Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/481571

Stuppy-Sullivan, A., & Baskin-Sommers, A. (2019). Evaluating dysfunction in cognition and reward among offenders with antisocial personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000332.supp (Supplemental)

Wygant, D. B., Sellbom, M., Sleep, C. E., Wall, T. D., Applegate, K. C., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2016). Examining the DSM–5 alternative personality disorder model operationalization of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in a male correctional sample. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(3), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000179