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= Jacopo da Forli = Jacopo da Forli, also known as Giacomo Dalla Torre, Jacopo della Torre, Iacobus Foroliviensis or Giacomo da Forli was a 14 century Italian physician and philosopher.

He’s known for his commentary on ARS PARVA GALENO.

In his works he tries to reconcile Aristotelian embryology with Galenic physiology; for this reason he’s considered the father of Embyology.

Life
He was born in Forli on 1360 to a wealthy family.


 * He studied arts and medicine in Padua where he started his lecturer’s career.
 * 1383-1385 he was lecturer of philosophy in Bologna.
 * At the beginning of fifteen century, probably between 1402 and 1404 he started working as professor of arts and medicine in Ferrara.
 * He worked on his work which was a commentator of the Galen’s works but also those of Hippocrates, Avicenna, Aristotle and other physicians. Even thought not everyone agreed with his conclusions.
 * For long time he was considered the undisputed authority, also because compared to the classics he tried to make them agree with the observation of the facts.
 * He married Margherita  daughter of Nereo Coltrari da Forli. who brought him vast possessions as dowry, increased his conspicuous patrimony. So with the lands inherited and acquired he became a wealthy owner.
 * Even thought, unsatisfied of what he earned, he frequently changed the place of teaching to receive a higher salary.
 * Unfortunately, his marriage brought him no children so he decided to adopt Francesco Pontiroli, born in 1394, soon one of the patricians of Padua.

- Presumably died in Padua on February 12, 1414 as can be inferred from the will and a manuscript of the national library of Florence.

Teaching
He spent all his life in northern Italy teaching different branches of the medical and natural sciences in several universities.

He first taught natural philosophy (1383 - 1385), Astrology and grammar (1384 – 1385) and medicine and philosophy (1385 - 1400) at the university of Bologna. In 1388 (while still in Bologna), he was offered a lectureship in natural and moral philosophy in Florence but declined the offer.

In1400, he moved from Bologna to Padua, at the university of which he taught medicine (1400 – 1402), as he did also at the university of Ferrara (1402 – 1404), And Siena (1404).

In the latter, he was offered and accept a renewal, but he did not respect his commitments.

After three years (1407), he resumed teaching at the university of Padua, where he held the chair of ordinary medicine.

In 1412, he agreed to lecture at the university of Parma, but again did not fill his commitment.

He pursued his teaching activity at the university of Padua until the end of his life.

Medical Practice
In the University of Padua he did his main works and contributions. In particular he contributed with changes in teaching methods and a decree of the reformers of the study ordered the professors of theoretical medicine not to abandon the method by introduced iacopo.

Besides being a professor, Giacomo da forli also wrote many works.

Among the most remebmered there is the manuscript on arthritic pain, still preserved in the library of Turin.

He also wrote “de necessitate medicinarum, et de necessitate compositionis medicinarum, expositio in primum avicennae cannonem” il quale contiene il libro “de regime ejus quod editur et bibitur ed un altro trattato dal titolo de gradibus medicamentorum”.

Jacopo da forli also dealt with surgery and its subordinate disciplines related to it, focusing on obstetrics.

Barzizza and others compare Jacopo to Aristotle and Hippocrates, praising in particular the comments on the small art of Aleno and on the aphorisms of Hippocrates. He judged the works of the ancients without servikita and without following the doctrines of that time.

Work's:
As a university teacher of medicine, Jacopo da Forlì commented on two major works of the post-Salernitan period, “the Hippocratic Aphorismi" and "Galen, Ars Parva “ (Known as Tegni or Microtegni), which were included in the so-called “Aticella”. To them he added the Canon of Avicenna (Ibn Sina).

The latin translations of the Greek texts date back to such translators as Constantine the African (d. after 1085), and to “Gerard of Cremona”(c. 1114 – c. 1187 ) for Avicenna.

Jacopo da Forlì return neither to the original Greek text, as Pietro d’Abano (1257 - 1315) already had before him nor to possible new Latin translations made from the Greek. He produced (in chronological order) commentaries on Avicenna’s chapter “ De Generatione Embrionid “ from the canon (Padue, 1400); the hipocratic aphorismi, 2 (Ferrar, 1403).

Galen, “ars parva” (Padua, 1407), and Avicenna, Canon,(Padua, 1413 - 1414). His commentary on Galen became a textbook for the teaching of the third-year course of theorical medicine in Padua and replaced the work of “Torregiano de’ Torregiani (c.1270 -c. 1350) used previously.

His commentary on Avicenna was widely used later as a university textbook.

The importance of Jacopo da Forlì in medical university teaching during the late middle ages is well illustrated by the several manuscripts of his commentaries, and early-sixteenth centuries: the commentary on Hippocrates was published as early as 1473 and reprinted several times: 1477 (Padua), before 1501 (Pavia), 1502 and 1508 (Venice), 1512 (Pavia), 1519 and 1520 and 1508 (Venice ), 1512 (Pavia), 1519, and 1520 (Venice); the commentary on Avicenna, De generatione embrionis, was printed in 1479 (Pavia) and reprinted in 1485 (Siena), and 1489 and 1502 (Venice); The Expositio super treslibros tegri galieni was first printed in 1475 (Padua) and reprinted c. 1477 (Padua), 1487 (Pavia), 1491 and 1495 (Venice), 1501 (Pavia), 1508 (Venice); The commentary on Avicenna, Canon, was first printed c. 1474 (Milan) and reprinted in 1479 (Venice), 1484 – 1487 and 1488 (Pavia), 1508, 1518, 1520 (Venice).

Besides such teaching texts he also wrote a Questio de inetsione et remissione formarum (1381- 1384), which was printed in Treviso before 1480 and reprinted in Venice in 1496, as well as other works known only in manuscripts, Such as Commentarii super Aristorelis Physicorum libris I-IV and discourses. Other works are known only by title.

His commentaries (particularly on Avicenna) rely heavily on previous works, specially the “ Conciliator” of Pietro d’Abano, the commentaries on Avicenna's Canon by Dino del Grabo (d. 327), and the Anatomia of “Mondino dei Liuzzi”(d. 1326).

Already in his time, Jacopo da Forli was held I high esteem and considered the most learned and greatest physician of his age. As such he followed Marsiglio de Santa Sofia (d. 1405) and was in contact. He is credited with a significant contribution to the formation of the Averrorist interpretation of Aristotle’s philosophy at the University of Padua. Unquestionably a highly talented teacher, from his turbulent career he sems to have had a similar self-esteem.

Rumors
Jacopo da forli is often confused with jacopo allegretti always born in forli.

The latter, of the same century of the first, was particularly well seen as a poet, as an astronomer and as a doctor and many see him as one of the founders of the medical academy in Forli (the first medical association). Nevertheless these are also seen by many as rumors and they consider Jacopo Allegretti to be distinguished only for astrology and poetry discarding the idea of Jacopo as a doctor and as founder of the medical academy in Forli and poetic academy in Rimini.