User:Andyandgrogu/Texas Longhorn

-better organization of the article-

-put physical features of the animal in one paragraph, history in another, extra information that goes together in another

- seems like there should be another paragraph in between the history of the animal and the decline on the animal, (include basic information such as what they eat, their mating style, family dynamic, lifespan, predator/prey dynamic, type of environment they live in, etc)

The Lead section needs to be shortened to exclude information that is not included in the actual article, or that information needs to be put into the article itself. There is a claim in this section that seems too opinionated, calling longhorns "gentle and intelligent".

Horn status under traits does not make sense. It would make sense to add some more biological traits to this section.

The articles information is relevant, but needs to be expanded upon. There is only information on the "history", which needs some grammatical revisions to make more sense. This could also be separated to just Biological history for what is already in the article and add other history to another section.

Decline and revival section has information regarding the University of Texas's mascot being the longhorn and seems irrelevant to the section. There should be a separate section for Pop-Culture references or use of the Texas Longhorn. Seems to be a lot of information in one section that needs to be split into different sections regarding the topics. Grammar and sequencing of sentences needs to be improved as well as there feels to be gaps in timeline and scattered information. There should be a Biology section added with information including life expectancy, survivability, reproductions, etc

Lead
The Texas Longhorn is a breed of cattle known for its characteristic horns, which can extend to over 8 feet (2.54 m) tip to tip for cows and bulls. They are descendants of the first cattle introduced in the New World, brought by explorer Christopher Columbus and the Spanish colonists.

Descended from cattle that thrived in arid parts of southern Iberia, these cattle have been bred for a high drought-stress tolerance. Registries for the breed include: the Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America, founded in 1964 by the Kerr County rancher Charles Schreiner III; the International Texas Longhorn Association; and the Cattlemen's Texas Longhorn Registry. The online National Texas Longhorn Museum displays the diversity of horns found in the breed, stories about notable individual cattle of the breed, and a gallery of furniture made from cattle horns.

Texas Longhorns are known for their diverse coloring and can be any color or mix of colors, but coloration mixes of dark red and white are the most dominant. The longest recorded total horn length is 129.5 inches (3.29 m), the spread of longhorn M Arrow Cha-Ching. This longhorn is owned by Richard Flip, who lives near Fayetteville, Texas. The second-longest on record is 3S Danica of Tallgrass Cattle Company, which measured 100 inches (2.54 m) tip to tip on September 13, 2018. Texas Longhorns are also increasingly being trained for steer riding, including being used in parades.

History
Genetic analyses show that the Texas Longhorn originated from an Iberian taurine lineage that descended from the domestication of the wild aurochs in the Middle East, with some admixture of the European aurochs, and was later (while in America) crossed with "indicine" cattle that descended from the domestication of aurochs in India, 85% and 15%, respectively, by proportion. While most cattle from the Old World came from the taurine lineage, there is now information that genetics from African cattle played a large role as well. The Texas Longhorns are direct descendants of the first cattle introduced to the New World. Portugueses cattle breeds, such as Alentejana and Mertolenga, are the closest existing relatives of Texas Longhorns.

In 1493, Christopher Columbus brought the original ancestral cattle to the Caribbean island of La Isla Española (now known as Hispaniola) to serve as a food supply for the colonists. Between 1493 and 1512, Spanish colonists brought additional cattle in subsequent expeditions. The cattle consisted of three different breeds: Barrenda, Retinto, and Grande Pieto. Over the next two centuries, the Spaniards used the cattle in Mexico and gradually moved them north to accompany their expanding settlements. The Spaniards reached the area that became known as "Texas" near the end of the 17th century. Eventually, some cattle escaped or were turned loose on the open range, where they remained mostly feral for the next two centuries. Over several generations, descendants of these cattle developed to have high feed- and drought-stress tolerances and other "hardy" characteristics that have given Longhorns their reputation as livestock.

Early Anglo-American settlers in East Texas, then a part of Mexico, obtained feral Mexican cattle from the borderland between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. They bred them with their own eastern cattle. The result was a tough, rangy animal that was characterized by its lengthy legs and exceptionally long horns that extended up to 7 feet.

Physical Characteristics
Selective breeding produced color variations within the breed. The varieties of color ranged from bluish-grey, various yellowish hues, to browns, black, ruddy, and white—both cleanly bright or dirty-speckled.

Brown, black, red, white, yellow, and orange are the most common colors for the cattle. More uncommon colors are Lavender and Mulberry. These colors vary so much that no two cattle look alike. Colors can also be mixed to create "Brindle" (tiger-striped), "Dun/Yellow" (grey/gold), "Grulla"(slate-grey), and "Fleabit" (white with dark speckles on skin). These colors and their variations can also range from dark to light. Young calves often change colors as they mature as well.

Breeding
Texas Longhorns can become pregnant at a young age, even while they are still nursing. The pregnancies are approximately 290 days, and they can give birth with no trouble as young as 16 months old. Commercial ranchers crossbreed Texas Longhorns with other breeds for increasing hybrid vigor and easy calving characteristics. Smaller birth weights reduce dystocia for first-calf heifers.

Diet
Texas Longhorns are herbivores with diets consisting of hay, alfalfa, grass and plants. It is also proven that farmers are able to use less herbicides and insecticides if they own Texas Longhorns.

Diseases
Detrimental diseases to cattle are not as big of a problem with Texas Longhorns. They have a natural resistance to many parasites such as Screw Worm. When the screw worm inserts itself into a calf, they immediately lick it off to prevent infestation, or will stand in water in order to drown the parasite.

Decline and Revival
As Texas became more densely settled through increased migration after it was annexed by the U.S., the frontier was developed for crop farms and ranch lands. The leaner beef of the Texas Longhorn was not as attractive in an era where tallow was highly prized. The breed's ability to survive on the poor vegetation of the open range was not as important as the range was enclosed. Other breeds demonstrated traits more highly valued by the modern rancher, such as the ability to gain weight quickly for marketing as beef.

The Texas Longhorn stock slowly dwindled, but in 1927, the breed was saved from near extinction by enthusiasts from the United States Forest Service. They collected a small herd of stock to breed on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Lawton, Oklahoma. The breed also received significant attention after a Texas Longhorn named "Bevo" was adopted as the mascot of The University of Texas at Austin in 1917. The animal's image became commonly associated with the school's sports teams, known as the Texas Longhorns. A few years later, J. Frank Dobie and others gathered small herds to keep in Texas state parks. Oilman Sid W. Richardson helped finance the project. The Longhorns were cared for largely as curiosities, but the stock's longevity, resistance to disease, and ability to thrive on marginal pastures resulted in a revival of the breed as beef stock and for their link to Texas history.

In 1957, Charles Schreiner III began creating a Longhorn herd on his ranch, the Y O, in Mountain Home, Texas, as a tribute to the ranching legacy of his grandfather, Captain Charles Armand Schreiner, and the Longhorns he ran on his ranches. Schreiner purchased five heifers and one bull calf for $75 each from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge near Lawton. In 1964, Schreiner founded the Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America. The YO herd was the first cattle registered with the association. To draw attention to the Longhorn and its new association, in 1966, Schreiner organized a cattle drive of Longhorn steers from San Antonio, Texas to Dodge City, Kansas. The drive was promoted as a centennial commemoration of the earlier Chisholm Trail drives. Schreiner arranged for local members of the Quanah sheriff’s posse to stage a simulated “Indian attack” as the steers crossed the Red River at Doan's Crossing. The attack was so authentic that the steers stampeded with cowboys in close pursuit. Four hours were needed to reassemble the herd. In 1976, Texas Tech University in Lubbock persuaded Schreiner to stage a cattle trail drive to celebrate its new National Ranching Heritage Center.

In 1995, the Texas Legislature designated the Texas Longhorn as the state mammal (large). In the 21st century, Texas Longhorns from elite bloodlines can sell for $40,000 or more at auction. The record of $380,000 on March 18, 2017, was for a cow, 3S Danica, and heifer calf at side, during the Legacy XIII sale in Fort Worth, Texas.

Symbolism
In the nineteenth century, Texas longhorns were very popular animals used in ranching and beef production. As technology advanced in the early-mid 1900s, Longhorns were soon replaced with other cattle breeds more suitable for the animal production industry. Though the need for Longhorns reduced greatly, Longhorns are remembered for their strength, independence, and strong will. Longhorns are commonly associated with ranching, cowboy culture, as well as the history and culture of Texas. They have also been used as a mascot for the University of Texas at Austin. It has even been used as a branding technique for trucks like the 2021 Ram 1500 Longhorn, stating to "Celebrate the Longhorn Legacy".