User:Andymilson/ChileSandbox

Sandbox for the Chile Group - GEOG 2302 - Fall 2018
Last week, I accidentally edited on the actual Geography of Chile article. I basically added a section for Population Geography related information for Chile, but you guys can change the title of the heading for it. I titled it People of Chile. I only added two bits of information. I added the Life Expectancy age I found on UNdata and I added a population pyramid. If my sources or information are not correct, feel free to change it! :)

This is the Life Expectancy source.

I used two sources for the population growth/pyramid.

Maeolms (talk) 18:04, 28 September 2018 (UTC)maeolmsMaeolms (talk) 18:04, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

Hey guys I went ahead and added some stuff over Weather and Climate for Chile. It is not my final work so if anyone wants to keep adding go ahead. I will be adding on as their is plenty of more information I can add. I will try to perfect it. -Judith Pena Judypen (talk) 19:09, 3 October 2018 (UTC)JudithPenaJudypen (talk) 19:09, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Hey it would be cool to add cuisine I'll get started on it.- Gerardo Rodriguez

Greetings guys I noticed that the healthcare topic was short, so I started on it. Feel free to add/edit as you please.-Gerardo Rodriguez

Economic Geography
Chile maintains a market-oriented economy with high levels of foreign trade compounded by strong financial institutions. These factors have given Chile the highest sovereign bond rating in South America. Chile is committed to a trade liberalization and has 26 trade agreements covering 60 different countries. In May 2010 Chile became the first South American member of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Chile's top 3 importing partners are China, the United States, and Brazil. In November 2005, Chile and China signed the China-Chile Free Trade Agreement. More than 90% of Chile's imports enter China duty-free. The United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement began in 2004. Since 2015, 100% of U.S. imports have been entering Chile duty-free. Consumer and Industrial export products enter Chile duty-free as well. Since 2017, Chile and Brazil have been negotiating a trade deal that's on track to be signed by the end of 2018. Chile's top 3 exporting partners are China, the United States, and Japan. Chile and Japan were previously in Economic Partnership Agreements. In 2018, Chile and Japan were among the 11 nations that signed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. This trade pact aims to reduce tariffs, enforce environmental standards, and remove barrier regulations.

Exports
Total trade exports from Chile generated $64.51 Billion in 2017 (in U.S. dollars) placing Chile at number 43 on the World Comparison Chart. Goods and services account for one-third of GDP within Chile. Copper is Chile's top export and injects nearly 20% of all government revenue Chile exports majority of its copper to China.

Imports
In 2017, Chilean imports totaled $61.31 billion and the country was the 49th largest importer in the world. Chile's largest import products include vehicles and petroleum products. Chile also runs a positive trade balance. After a 12 year break, Chile is set to resume importing natural gas from Argentina. The natural gas will be piped across Andes mountains to the southern province of Biobío in Chile.

Development

 * Economic Welfare: In 2017, Chile's GDP was at $277 billion with a growth rate of 1.5%. Chile's GDP purchasing power parity for the same year was $452.1 billion. With a GDP per capita, PPP of $24,634, Chile's is the highest in South America. Chile's GDP per capita is well above Latin America's average as well. The CIA World Factbook ranks Chile's GDP PPP 44 out of 229 other nations. Chile's GNI per capita PPP is $23,670. This number roughly reflects the average income of Chile's population.




 * Economic Inequality: In 2013, the number of Chileans living below the poverty line was at 14.4%. Chile also has a large income inequality gap, according to the OECD, that is more than 65%.


 * Technology: The CIA World Factbook ranks Chile 46th out of 228 nations of internet users. As of 2016, about 11,650,840 Chileans use the internet. The World Factbook also ranks Chile 53rd out of 216 nations that use mobile cellphones.


 * Education: In 2014 The Institute for Statistics claims in 243,439 students of both genders had enrolled in grade 5 of primary education . This information is gathered from raw data on education from both literacy rates and academic performance within scientific fields.

Chile's literacy rate is more than 97%. A 97% literacy rate makes Chile the most literate country in Latin America. In the year 2000, 99% of kids ages 6-13 were enrolled in primary education and 90% of kids 13-18 were enrolled in secondary education. In 2003, Chile furthered their education by making education from ages 6-18 mandatory. A majority of education is free in Chile, as schooling is the responsibility of the state and education is paid for with special education vouchers. These vouchers are provided for free by the Chilean government. These vouchers are similar to what a number of European countries use.

Demographics
The population of Chile is 18,313,495 people as of 2017. Future projections of the population pyramid show signs of slow and, even negative, growth. Maria tudora (talk) 22:03, 25 October 2018 (UTC) While Chile has a large working age population, more than 20% of the population is over the age of 55. This indicates that Chile is becoming an aging society. This could potentially cause a strain on government funding for retirement and medical spending on the elderly. Life expectancy is roughly 79 years. The women of Chile have a higher life expectancy than men, which is typical around the world, with their lifespan averaging at 82.1 years. Men tend to live to be 75.9 years old. The mortality rate is expected to decline for those that will be aged 65-74 in the year 2020 by as much as 2.8%. Maria tudora (talk) 00:05, 19 October 2018 (UTC) Overall, the World Factbook ranks Chile's life expectancy as 51st out of 224 other nations. Chile's life expectancy, low mortality rates, and total fertility levels mirror those of developed nations.

Women of Chile
For women in Chile, the total fertility rate is at 1.765. Chile's total fertility rate is below the replacement-level; that is even lower than the United States', indicating a decline in population growth. Chile's contraception prevalence high: 76.3%. Chile's universal healthcare and education access for women is unequal and only 31.4% of women ages 25-34 have a tertiary education. This percentage is lower compared to other developed countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. However, the female population with some secondary education is 79%. The mobility of women in this country is hindered by the infrastructure and crime in the city: commutes become difficult since women take longer routes and more frequent stops to be safe. Half of the women in Chile have experienced sexual assault off of the streets of Chile. Maria tudora (talk) 23:06, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Urban Population
The distribution of population is very condensed around the capital, Santiago, where approximately 90% of the people live. The cities of Valparaiso and Concepcion are the next highly populated cities, in that order The population is 87.6% urbanized. In 2009, 12,037,290 living in urban parts of Chile actually had functioning facilities in their home, while 403,276 people did not have proper facilities in their dwelling. Maria tudora (talk) 03:14, 29 September 2018 (UTC) 100% of the urban population has some form of access to sanitation facilities, while 90.9% of rural people have these facilities available. This is much higher than the rural average for the world that is at 50.5% access to sanitation facilities. Maria tudora (talk) 00:05, 19 October 2018 (UTC) The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs note the average annual rate of population change from 2015 to 2017 is 1.022. The UN data also shows live births per woman (2015-2017) averaging 1.765 and combined infant mortality rate for both sexes at 6.258 per 1,000 live births.

Migration/Immigration
The CIA World Factbook asses Chile's net migration rate at .3 migrants per a population of 1,000 and ranks Chile 66 for net migration out of other nations. Due to Chile's stability, democratic government, and growing economy many migrants find this country desirable. Chile receives a high volume of migrants from countries like Venezuela, Haiti, and Colombia. These migrants are either seeking asylum or fleeing failing economies. In 2018, Chilean President Sebastian Pinera announced proposals that aimed to make immigration in Chile more orderly and to curb irregular immigration. 68% of Chilean favor restricting immigration. Chile has created a designated Visa specifically for Venezuelan asylum seekers. Although, Chile's requirements for obtaining the Visa can be costly or even out of reach for many poor Venezuelans. There are 133,321 Venezuelan refugees in Chile as of 2018.

Emigration
Push factors for Chilean emigrants include natural disasters. Earthquakes are common in Chile due to the country's location on the Nazca Plate and South American Plate. Chile notoriously had some of the most powerful earthquakes in history with the Valdivia Earthquake in 1960 at 9.5 on the Richter scale and the Maule Earthquake at 8.8 in 2010. The top three countries that Chilean emigrants are moving to are Argentina, Peru, and the United States.

Natural Hazards
Chile's natural hazards include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. The natural hazards are attributed to Chile's location along the Ring of Fire. Severe earthquakes can trigger tsunamis for this country with 6,435 km of coastline. There are also more than three-dozen active volcanoes in Chile with the most active being the Llaima in the north Chilean Andes.

Healthcare
Despite being a third world country Chile has a proficient and advanced system of health care that gives everyone a chance to be cared for. The healthcare in Chile is universal for every citizen and legal resident. Universal healthcare is achieved by the project FONASA, which is a financial institution that compiles money and funds then properly allocates them for health care. The FONASA Program is overlooked and run by the government of Chile. Despite being government run the funds come from the citizens of Chile. The citizens earnings are deduced once a month to sponsor FONASA healthcare program. There is also private healthcare for those who do not qualify for universal healthcare. G-Rod12 (talk) 19:19, 3 October 2018 (UTC)Gerardo Rodriguez

Chile funds their healthcare system by income taxes, with the tax rate being 7%. About 68% of Chileans are covered by their public healthcare system.

Health of the Population
The Pan American Health Organization lists diseases of the circulatory system and neoplasms as the main causes of death in Chile. Circulatory system diseases include heart attack, heart failure, stroke, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Neoplasms can refer to abnormal growth of tissues or cancers.

Natural Landscapes
Chile is home to the world renowned Patagonian Trail that resides on the border between Argentina and Chile. Chile recently launched a massive scenic route for tourism in hopes to encourage development based on conservation. The Route of Parks covers over 1,740 miles and was designed by Tompkins Conservation (founders Douglas Tompkins and wife Kristine).

Urban Geography
The three most populated cities in Chile are Santiago, Valparaiso, and Concepcion. The populations of these cities are: Santiago at 6,680,000, Valparaiso at 967,000 and Concepcion at 857,000. Santiago is located in central Chile with the Mapocho River running through the city. Valparaiso is located on the coast about 116 km northwest of Santiago. Concepcion is also a coastal city that lies near the mouth of the Biobio River.

Origins of Cities in Chile
Industrial cities, such as Concepcion and Talcahuano, began as colonial centers in the 1600s. Most of the large cities in Chile began as settlement locations for Spanish colonists living in homes constructed from adobe. They have grown to be the densely populated urban locations they are known for today. Maria tudora (talk) 17:07, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

Gentrification
Gentrification is occuring in the municipal district of Santiago, which is impacting low income residents. Housing availability has reduced by 50% for residents and rent for new apartments has increased, changing the average income of that location. Floor Area Ratio instigated by the state has resulted in highly densed and smaller living spaces. ~ Maria tudora (talk) 17:04, 14 November 2018 (UTC)

Government
Salvador Allende was elected to presidency as a Marxist in 1970. Allende worked to reshape Chile with radical social reform with programs to instill strong nationalist traditions. However, a violent coup was staged by General Augusto Pinochet in 1973 and left over 3,000 people dead or unaccounted for. . Pinochet ruled for 17 years until 1989 when elections returned the country to civilian rule. Chile is a democratic country. Similar to the Unites States, Chile has three branches of government: Legislative, Judicial, and Executive. Chile has remained a relatively peaceful country within a continent plagued by political corruption and violence. Sebastian Pinera is the current President of Chile after winning elections in 2017. He also served as Chile's President from 2010 to 2014 Chilean presidents serve four year terms, but candidates are barred from seeking an immediate re-election after their term. Chilean presidents are elected by popular vote.



Border Disputes with Bolivia
Chile has long been in conflict with Bolivia over coastal and land sovereignty. The War of the Pacific was fought between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru in the late 1800s. Peru and Bolivia had rich nitrate deposits. However, Peru established a monopoly over their state deposits and Bolivia added export tariffs to Chile. After the war, Chile had won 120,000 sq km of land that included Antofagasta on the coastline of Bolivia. This has left Bolivia landlocked since 1904. Bolivia still fights for coastal and territorial sovereignty. Evo Morales, the president of Bolivia, believes that Bolivia being landlocked has made the country endure great "historical injustice". Morales also argues that if Chile were to give back Antofagasta, it would have no significant effect on their country. The land Bolivia lost to Chile more than a century ago is now home to some of the biggest copper mines in the world. Chile has no desire or intentions of giving up any land to Bolivia, but Chile is very open to coastal access negotiations. In October 2018, the International Court of Justice has ruled against Bolivia in its dispute with Chile. The court ruled that Chile did not have to discuss granting Bolivia sea access. Maeolms (talk) 18:27, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

Border Disputes with Peru
There have been long arguments between Chileans and Peruvians since the 1800's. This is because they both claim boundary coastal lines. Peruvians claim the Northern part of Chile, which is now South West of Peru. The "triangulation" was made to fix the boundary problem between Chile and Peru. The decisions were accomplished on January 27, 1839 by the International Court of Justice The War of the Pacific was in the years 1879-1883. This was caused because of the minerals resources Chile had. This led for Chile to control Sea Shipping to Peru and send out and army to invade Peru on October 8, 1879. The attempt was also made to The United States but failed badly on October 1880. There was a resistance between Peruvians and Chileans for a few years. The United States offered help with a treaty for both Peru and Chile, better known as the Treaty of Ancón. This was signed by both of them on October 20, 1883 to keep peace between them. Judypen (talk) 18:06, 19 October 2018 (UTC)Judith PenaJudypen (talk) 18:06, 19 October 2018 (UTC) In 2008, Peru took Chile to court over their maritime disputes. In 2014, the International Court of Justice's ruling resulted in Chile losing 80 miles from Chile's northwestern ocean zone. This ruling severely impacted fishers in the country.

Border Disputes with Argentina
Chile despite being a small country has had borders disputes with other countries as well. One of those countries is Argentina. The border disputes between Chile and Argentina deal with the Patagonia region. One of the many disputes deals with the Southern ice-fields. The disagreements began when Argentina maps started to include part of the Southern Ice-fields. The dispute between these two countries deals with water, as this contested land contains one of the biggest (Second largest) reserves of potable water in the world. Despite these differing ideas about what land belongs to which country the President of Chile claims that these issues will get resolved. G-Rod12 (talk) 19:57, 15 October 2018 (UTC)Gerardo RodriguezG-Rod12 (talk) 19:57, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

History
The nomadic lifestyle was prevalent in the pre Colombian era.

Race
While Chile's total population is 18,313,495, majority of the population is white/non-indigenous. They make up 88.9%. The largest indigenous ethnicity, Mapuche, makes up 9.1%. The Aymara peoples make up .7% of the population and the remaining 1.3% are categorized as other indigenous groups or unspecified. Chile's high white/non-indigenous population can be traced back to European colonization. Between the 15th and 18th century, the number of slaves arriving in Chile from the Transatlantic slave trade were minuscule compared to Brazil and other South American regions. However, this would still mean that there are Chileans with Afro-descent. Afro-Chileans today are a neglected minority. Chile does not have an Afro-descendant category on their census so this makes it difficult to count their population, but the INE of Chile estimates there are 8,415 people who identify as Afro-descendant in the country.



Racial Inequality in Chile
Indigenous groups in Chile are highly discriminated against. One of the most discriminated indigenous groups would be the Mapuche. Jobs often discriminate against Chileans with Mapuche names, which has led to higher poverty rates in areas with more Mapuche residents. Common stereotypes for Mapuche peoples include but are not limited to lazy, treacherous, and drunk. Mapuches are also more vulnerable to hate crimes. In November 2018, Camilo Catrillanca was fatally shot in the head by police. Catrillanca was the grandson of a Mapuche leader. Protests over Catrillanca's death turned violent in Santiago and the Chilean government is promising a thorough investigation of this incident.

Racialized Landscapes in Chile
Vertical Ghettos: Due to Chile's high population density in urban city's like Santiago, housing developments started developing upwards. These high rises see an abundance of foreign migrants as occupants.

Religion
Christianity is the most commonly practiced religion in Chile with more than two-thirds of Chileans being Roman Catholic. Protestant Christians make up about 16% of the Chile's Christian population. Catholicism is the most practiced Christian denomination in Chile. The diffusion of this religion began with priest and Franciscans who arrived with the Spaniards to the new world. The first religious landscape (parish) was built in 1547. By 1650 most of the natives of Chile had been converted to Catholicism. The Catholic church was the dominant religion and the dominant educator, as it was them who dictated what was taught. This brought about the creation of six catholic universities. The stronghold of Catholicism came to a halt in 1925 when church and state were separated. Despite this separation, Catholicism is still celebrated by government officials and certain days are made holidays. This includes, but is not limited to Good Friday, Christmas, and ALL Saints Day. G-Rod12 (talk) 09:17, 16 October 2018 (UTC) Although a large population of Chileans are Catholics, Chile is one of a couple of Latin American countries with the largest population of Protestants. The second leading Christian denomination in Chile is Protestantism. Protestantism entered the region when many German migrants were welcomed to the southern lake region in the 1840’s. The influx of Protestant Germans led to Anglican and Lutheran practices in Chile. With more migrants entering Chile, a profusion of Protestant Religions entered as well. In the early part of the 20th century followers of the new Methodist group separated and formed the Pentecostal Methodist Church. This church would also split as a result of the founding of the Evangelical Pentecostal Church in 1934. Today 90% of Chileans that identify as Protestant are Pentecostal. G-Rod12 (talk) 00:46, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

Religious Landscapes and Sacred Places
In Chile there are number of pilgrimage and devotional sites dedicated to Catholic or cult's saints. These include the Church of Our Lady of Andacollo, the Church of Our Lady at Mount Carmel at Tirana, and the Church of the Immaculate Conception of Lo Vásquez.

La Virgen de Andacollo
While there are several different tales of her origin and variations on her name, the Virgin Andacollo is flaunted on the first Sunday of every month in the plaza of Andacollo, Chile. The Virgin Andacollo is the Patron Saint of miners who heals the sick and rescues those lost in the mines. On the first Sunday of October, the town of Andacollo celebrates their saint with La Fiesta Chico. Thousands of pilgrims come to the northern Chilean town each December for La Fiesta Grande. This event lasts from December 23th to 27th. This celebration attracts as many as 500,000 people a year.



Animitas
It's not uncommon to come across roadside shrines in Chile. These shrines are called Animitas and they're particularly common on rural highways or in lower income towns. The shrines can be devoted to cult's saints or those who died tragically. These animitas identify the spot where a body and soul were separate and where a soul can possibly be lingering.

Churches of Chiloé
The Chiloé archipelago is located in southern Chile and is home to the Churches of Chiloé. These churches date back to the early 17th century. Their history began when the first Jesuits arrived in Chile. There are more than 60 churches, but 16 of them are recognized as world heritage sites by UNESCO as well as national monuments in Chile. The Achao church is the oldest church that still stands and was built entirely without using nails.

Language
Spanish is the official language of Chile, with more than 99% of the population speaking it. Thousands of Chileans also speak indigenous languages. These indigenous languages include Mapudungun (Mapuche), Chesungun, Aymara, Quechua, and Rapi Nui. Despite the plethora of languages spoken in Chile, one aspect that makes it culturally homogeneous is the lack of accents throughout the Regions. The spoken language of middle-class Chileans from all over the country is nonexistent. The area where there is a notable difference in accents is in the different social classes. The difference in Chilean Spanish is the speed at which Chileans speak as well as incorporating many words from the language of the Mapuches.

LGBT Rights in Chile
Same-sex marriage is currently illegal in Chile. However, Chile decriminalized same-sex marriage in 1999 and has approved civil unions since 2015. In 2017, former Chilean president Michelle Bachlete did attempt to legalize same-sex marriage by introducing a bill to have it legalized. Chile is beginning to loosen its conservative LGBT laws. In 2018, Chile approved a law allowing children who are over the age of 14 to change their name or gender on official records.

Agricultural Geography
Agriculture comprises 4.4% of GDP (industry 31.4%, services 64.3%). A 2017 estimate has 8.881 million people working within the Chilean labor force, and 9.2% working within agriculture by occupation. Chile's labor force places #59 in the country comparison list according to CIA World Factbook. Chile currently utilizes 14,015 Hectares of agricultural land. Chilean agriculture includes the cultivation and trade of grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, and beans. Grapes are the largest fruit export product with an export value of $1.76 billion. Non-animal foods, fruit, and vegetable exports total about $11.7 billion. Beef and poultry industries, fish, wool and timber are also included. Animal products have an export value of $5.89 billion. Water heavy industries are causing groundwater, lake, and river depletion in Chile. Illegal water extractions are now becoming common in Chile. Exploiting the country's water has been detrimental to the citizens and animals that rely on these sources of water.

Climate and Weather
Located on the west coast of South America, Chile has total area of 756,102 sq km. There are four climates that separate Chile. One of these climates are the Dry climate. This is located the North above Santiago called Atacama Desert with the temperature of up to 90°F. The Central part of Chile has a warmer climate that reaches up to 82.4 ° F. The inner region of Chile has a snow climate. South of Chile there is a wet climate because of the Mediterranean Coastline this leading the Wet Season to range from May to August. Summer in Chile is December through February. Leading for the Winter to be June through August with low temperatures up to -2° C.

Land Use
As of 2011, Chile allocates 21.1% of its land to agriculture. Chile's allocation percentage is smaller than it's neighboring countries Argentina (53.9%) and Bolivia (34.3%), but larger than Peru's (18.8%). Of the land Chile devotes to agriculture, only 1.7% is arable land. Chile's diverse climate and small area is responsible for such a low percentage. Some desert countries like Egypt have a higher arable land percentage than Chile.