User:Andymilson/PeruSandbox

Sandbox for Peru Group - GEOG 2302 - Fall 2018
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Politics
Peru's government is a presidential republic composed of a three-branched system, the legislative, executive, and judicial branch.

Legislation
Congress is a unicameral branch that specializes in passing laws, ratifying treaties, and adjusting taxes and budget policies. They are elected every five years by an open list where each member represents a portion of the population proportional to their votes in a 130-seat legislature.

Executive
The President is the chief of state and government. He or She is voted into office by majority vote in two-round elections. The president has the power to block legislation, appoint cabinet members including prime ministers, and veto laws by legislation if the executive branch disagrees with legislative policy.

Judicial
The Judicial branch consists of 16 justices appointed by the president and approved by congress divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional social sectors. They ensure just treatment among all citizens and balance fairness and equality in their hearings when enforcing laws and policies passed by the other two branches. Judges theoretically serve for life, but may be removed by the president as desired or retire at the age of 70.

Foreign Relations
Peru keeps increasingly friendly ties with its neighbors excluding border disputes with Ecuador and some tensions with Chile.

Chile
Peru and Chile have occasional territorial disputes over marine and land borders instigating the War of the Pacific in 1879, which was resolved when Peru signed three agreements in 1999 that uphold the border treaty of 1929. By 2014, Chile ceded the disputed territory to Peru after an international court ruling in 2014. While Chile and Peru still occasionally debate borders, they continuously build a solid relationship by signing joint statements to improve relations and join organisations like the Pacific Alliance to build ties.

Ecuador
Peru and Ecuador had territorial disputes over the Amazon drainage leading to the Zarumilla war in 1941. Though Ecuador lost, they engaged in three more wars until arranging a peace treaty in 1995.

Population geography
Peru has a population of approximately 31,331,000 as of July 2018, with a birthrate of 17.6 births per 1000 and a death rate of 6.1 death per 1000 as of 2018. 53 percent of the Peruvian population was below 25 as of 2002.

Colonization and Independence
Peru fell under Spanish rule in November of 1533 after the death of Incan emperor, Atahuallpa. Francisco Pizarro marched to Cusco, the Incan capital to establish Spanish rule. Peru remained under Spanish control until gaining independence on December 9, 1824 after Simon Bolivar Palacios defeated Spanish forces in Ayacucho[9].

=culture=

Languages
There are around 93 living languages that are spoken in the country of Peru with 91 native languages and two foreign. The official language spoken is Spanish. While Spanish is Peru's official language, many Peruvians speak their indigenous languages, the most popular being Quechua, both the Cusco and Ayacucho dialects.

Quechua
Quechua, Peru's most widely spoken native language, is split into 14 dialects across the Andes and is spoken by 7,735,620 people in Peru. The most prominent dialects consist of Ayacucho Quechua with 900,000 speakers, though declining and Cusco Quechua with 1,500,000 speakers. Though Quechua was already a prominant language in central and southern Peru and evolving into different dialects, spreading of Cusco Quechua predominantly was due to the Incan Empire's expansion along the western coast of Peru throughout the Andes.

Aymara
Aymara is not just a language but also considered to be a division of people according to a specific culture. The language spoken by and cultural practices of the Aymara people is roughly used by 500,000 people in the country of Peru. This group of people geographically are more concentrated in Bolivia along the border of Bolivia and Peru in the Altiplano(High Plain) located in the Andes Mountain range. The Aymara people are significant as they are also a contributing factor of the three main languages of the country. This indigenous people gives us a glimpse of the past culture of the northwestern region of Peru and of the country as a whole. The language of Aymara commonly referenced as Jaqi aru the language of the people is most commonly spoken in villages and towns, used for trade and barter amongst the local populous. Although it is not the official language as it is Spanish, or the most popular language as is Quechua, Aymara is the most commonly used and understood language in the land amongst the northwestern most and mid-western region predominately focused in the area of the Andes Mountain region.

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Religion
The religion of Peru is predominantly Roman Catholic. Other religions in Peru include but are not limited to Protestantism, Judaism, Hare Krishna, Islam, pre-columbian, and syncretistic (blend of of christian and pre-columbian).

As of 2017, 60 percent of Peru's population identified as Catholic while 11 percent is evangelical and 3.5 percent classifies general christian. Peru's constitution allows for religious freedom. However, it identifies Catholicism as an important element in Peru's history and culture.

Solemnization or religious festivals held to celebrate one of two things are often held. The first is to celebrate a holy day or week which are referred to as Corpus Christi, also these Corpus Christi's can symbolize the assimilation of the indigenous peoples of Peru into Christianity. Every town and or village has a cathedral or a patron saint that is worshiped in that area. Some often celebrated Corpus Christi's "festivals" are; Inti Raymi (Festival of The Sun celebrated June 24th),  Celebration 2018 Peruvian Corpus Christi

Corpus Christi's/Major Peruvian Festivals 1. Inti Raymi Festival of the Sun celebrated on June 24th, Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun). Participants gather in the fortress of Sacasayhuaman in Cusco. Starting at 8:00 in the morning, participants raise the Inti Rayami flag in front of the Coricancha, the temple used in the days of the Incan empire. A mass is then held in the catholic church. Afterwards, followers gather in the main square where the Sapa Inca ask for the sun's blessing in Quechua. The procession moves into the fortress to perform a series of rituals and sacrifices to pay tribute and give thanks to the sun.

2. Mamacha Carmen The Virgin of Carmen is celebrated on July 16th. Mamacha Carmen Celebration. Dancers perform the Contradanza, a line dance, to honor Peru's patron saint. Elaborate masks and costumes are also worn, sometimes with exaggerated features to make fun of colonial leaders.

3. Mamacha Candelaria The Virgin of Candelaria celebrated on December 27th Mamach Candelaria Celebration

4. All Saints Day All Saints Day (Day of the Dead) celebrated on November 1st All Saints Day (Day of the Dead) Celebration

5. Lord of the Earthquakes Lord of the Earthquakes (El Sẽnor de los Templores) celebrated on Easter Monday Lord of the Earthquakes ( El Senor de los Templores) celebration

Architecture
Much of Peruvian architecture borrows from European elements like the French beaux-arts style and neo-baroque when constructing religious buildings like the Compañia de Jesus Church and the Archbishop Palace as well as governmental buildings like the Legislative and Government Palaces.

Population
There is 31,036,656 people living in Peru today. Peru comes in at 43 with comparison to the other countries of the world. The ethnic groups that make up Peru's population are Mestizo at 60.2%, Amerindian at 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent at 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, and a unspecified group that makes up 3.3% making it a diverse Latin American country.

Population Pyramid
A population pyramid also known as the age-sex structure is an illustration of a country's population. By looking at this pyramid it may provide an insight on what the stability of the country whether it has to do with something political, social and or the economy. The population pyramid tends to take shape as time, or generations, passes. The reason for these changes are either fertility rates, and mortality rates in the country.

The age structure of Peru is constructed as following: 0-14 years is 26.01%, 15-24 years is 17.96%, 25-54 years is 40.47%, 55-64 years is 7.95%, 65 and over is 7.61%.

Population Statistics of Life Expectancy
The life expectancy at birth in Peru for males is 73 and for females is 78. The probability of dying between 15 to 60 years old for males is 154 and for females is 94 per 1000 population.

Migration Patterns
In the 19th and early 20th century Peru was a country of immigration but has become a country of emigration in the past decades. Many Asian contract laborers came to work on Peru’s coastal plantations. In the 1980's there was emigration because of an economic crisis and also there was violent conflict in Peru. There was 2 million Peruvian people who emigrated to other countries such as the United States, Spain, and Argentina.

The distribution of Peru's population about one third of it tends to be by its coastal belt to the west, it is especially dense in Peru's capital of Lima. About half of the Peruvian population are contained in the Andean highlands also known as sierra. Leaving the eastern slopes of the Andes and the neighboring rain-forest to be thinly distributed by people.

In Peru there has been internal displaced persons and refugees. The refugees come from Venezuela about 261,552 total, the reasons for the refugees to come to Peru is Venezuela's economic and political crisis. The internal displaced persons (IDPs) are about 59,000 and are mostly from the Andean and Amazonian regions.

list of early civilizations of Peru in order Chavín Culture Paracas Culture Pucara Culture Nazca Culture Mochica Culture Recuay Culture Cajamarca Culture Vicús Culture Lima Culture Tiahuanaco Culture Chimu Culture Huari Culture Chincha Culture Chancas Culture Chancay Culture Lambayeque Culture Chachapoya Culture I will be going I into brief details of all of them soon

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Agriculture
Statistically 7.5% of the GDP(Gross Domestic Product) is made of the agricultural industry in the country of Peru. Around 30% of the whole countries population is employed in the agricultural industry. Peru's top three agricultural exports consist of Grapes second in the world behind Chile as of 2017/2018 in exports from the country of Peru at 380,000 metric tons per year, Avocados are also a major export of Peru ranking them number 3 in the world as a top exporter with 0.35 millions of tonnes since 2014 now that number has increased to a dollar amount of 580.4 million per year which makes up 9.7% of the agricultural GDP, and Mangoes. Peru is ranked number 5 in the world for mango exports amassing 191.7 million per year making up 7.3% of the agricultural GDP. .https://www.livinginperu.com/perus-top-3-agricultural-exports-2017-far/ Peru also is a hub for raw materials their top raw material exports are Copper, Gold, Zinc

Fun Facts about Peruvian Agriculture

Peru is home to over 3000 different varieties of potatoes and has been implementing indigenous agricultural practices to help conserve soil and protect the environment against the mass production of agricultural produce. Peru also grows 55 different varieties of corn. The Peruvian coffee grown in Coati Dung is the most expensive coffee in the world. The cocoa plant in Peru is used for more than making chocolate but it's leaves and other parts are used for their medicinal properties as well. The Camu Camu Fruit grown in the Amazon Forest is one of the worlds most healthiest super foods.

Industry
36.3% of the GDP(Gross Domestic Product) is attributed to industry or the industrial sector of Peru about 15.9%-16.0% of the countries population is employed in this sector, while a phenominal 30% of the countries wealth is accumulated from this sector. A low amount of the population is engaged in this sector but does contribute a major economical output. The most important sector of this industry comes from Peru's textile industry feeding off the agricultural sector which is said to be the most important sector of Peruvian Economical Value.

Services
56.1% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Peru as of 2017 is in the service industry.

Urbanization
The most populated city in the country is Lima the capital of Peru. Lima a metropolitan area has a population a little over 10 million. The second largest city in Peru Arequipa has a population of 989,919, and Trujillo is a growing city in the northern area of the country holds a population of 935,147. Peru’s developed urban cities are found in coastal regions and to the north. There are 32.1 million people who live in Peru. The percentage of urbanization in Peru is 79.2%, and holds a yearly increase of 1.57%. Lima forms part of the Largest cities in the Americas, and holds 31.7% of the country's population. The dense concentration of the population size of Peru is 25 people/km² or 57/mi². Lima is a pull factor that draws millions of Peruvians from the suburbs to the capital. This urban inland migration is the result of sprawling around Lima. These sprawling places are known as “Pueblos Jóvenes”. The young towns and Lima make up the metropolitan area that extend 125 miles.

The urban growth brings issues to the to the metropolitan area and the environment. Lima surpasses the most polluted cities in Latin America, making it number one. The overcrowding and growth of urbanization has caused peruvians to use its green spaces for garbage disposals. Which leads to the pollution of the river Rimac that supplies water to the metropolitan area.

The rise of urbanization forgets the historic sites, ruins or “huacas”, which are being replaced for urban society desires, like buildings, roads, etc. Lima is home of 400 sites of 46,000 in the country, the country itself only preserves 1%.

Thousands of Venezuelans head to Peru in search of residency. The International migration is caused by social, environmental, and economic crises. This push factor migration has brought to Peru sustenance problems like instability and food shortage.

Agriculture
Peru's agricultural lands make up 18.5% of Peru's total surface area, a substantially lower percentage compared to its neighbors who average at around 22% agricultural land. Common crops include, but are not limited to root vegetables like potatoes and cassava; peppers including chilies and paprika; vegetables like asparagus, tomatoes; quinoa; kiwicha; and fruits like mangoes, passion fruit,citrus, and bananas. levels of undernourished citizens and children who suffer from undernourishment has dramatically decreased from just under 6 million to just over 2 million between 2000 and 2017, while food availability has increased from an energy percentage of 105 to 117 between 2000 and 2017.

Environmental Degradation
As food production in Peru increases, farmers saturate the soil with nutrients with Nitrogen and Phosphorus bases. Over saturation of nutrients leads to eutrophication in nearby water bodies resulting in dead zones. Carbon emissions due to manufacturing and food processing leads to reduced air quality which contributes to the global warming that increases severity of natural disasters and acidifies the ocean leading to mass bleaching in coral reefs which will destroy oceanic ecosystems.

   