User:Angiesyz/Male contraceptive

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Male contraceptives, also known as male birth control, are methods of preventing pregnancy by leveraging male physiology. Globally, the most common forms of male contraceptives include condoms, vasectomy, and withdrawal. Men are largely limited to these forms of contraception, and combined, male contraceptives make up less than one-third of total contraceptive use today. The most commonly used method is male condom.

Novel forms of male contraception are in clinical and nonclinical stages of research and development, however, none have reached regulatory approval for widespread use. '''Most effective and reversible contraceptive methods are women use, Male contraceptive development is an important step in achieving gender equality in sharing the responsibility of birth control. ''' Studies of men indicate that around half of survey populations are interested using a novel contraceptive method, and they display interest in a wide variety of contraceptive methods including hormonal and non-hormonal pills, gels, and implants.

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to do: change the column order of the table - ascending effectiveness

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Withdrawal
The withdrawal method, or coitus interruptus, or, pulling out, is a behavior that involves halting penile-vaginal intercourse to remove the penis out and away from the vagina prior to ejaculation. Withdrawal is considered an ineffective contraceptive method, with typical use failure rates of around 22%. 'However, the withdrawal method is the simplest and cost-free'' contraceptive method, with a long history of practice since ancient time. '''

Condoms
Main article: Condom

A condom is a sheathed barrier device that is rolled onto an erect penis before intercourse and retains ejaculated semen, thereby preventing pregnancy. Condoms are marginally effective when compared to vasectomy or modern methods of contraception for women, and have a typical-use failure rate of 18%, considering a less effective method comparing to other methods. However, condoms have the advantage of providing protection against some sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, syphilis, etc. Condoms may be combined with other forms of contraception (such as spermicide) for greater protection. Today, condom has been manufactured mostly with rubber since the discovery of vulcanization of rubber by Charles Goodyear and Thomas Hancock in 1844.

Non-hormonal Contraceptives:

'''EP055 is a small organic compound that target the sperm protein EPPIN in order to sap the motility of sperm. (cited on the page)'''

An enzyme called soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) which is used to trigger the behavior of fertilization can be de-activated to prevent the regular cellular process.

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Research into new methods: Given the brief history of contraceptive development within modern medicine, significant investment is still required in minimizing physiological impact induced by birth controls and the development of male contraception.

Impact: It is predicted that introduction of a long-acting reversible contraception for males could decrease the rate of unintended pregnancy and women's burden of birth control responsibility in a sexual relationship. Family planning has found to be associated with overall well-being and is one of the most efficient tools for human empowerment.  Positive outcomes of effective birth control includes but not limited to one's self agency, education, labor force participation, financial stability, future childbearing, etc .

Under history section: In a paper published in 2013 analyzed contraception-related information collected during 2006-2010 with 12,279 women, the results indicate a high prevalence of contraception use, and the three most common methods are male condoms, the pill, and withdrawal.