User:Anhuddleston/sandbox

IDEAS FOR VIRGINIA APGAR ARTICLE:

POSSIBLE SOURCES:


 * 1) https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_12.html
 * 2) https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/CP/p-nid/178
 * 3) http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/117/4/1444
 * 4) https://profiles-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/CP/B/B/J/Y/_/cpbbjy.pdf
 * 5) https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/Finding_Aid/apgar/apgar_m4.html
 * 6) https://www-karger-com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/Article/PDF/89084
 * 7) http://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163(16)30226-2/pdf


 * 1) Her father was an insurance executive, but also an amateur inventor and astronomer, which gave Apgar her keen interest in science (source 2); paragraph 1 DONE
 * 2) She graduated fourth in her class from Columbia (source 1); add to paragraph 1 DONE
 * 3) Dr. Alan Whipple discouraged her from continuing her career in surgery because he had seen many women attempt to be successful surgeons and ultimately fail (source 1) DONE
 * 4) There weren't many anesthesiology residencies available in 1937, as it was such a new specialty, so she studied under Dr. Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, which was the first anesthesiology department in the country (source 1); add to paragraph 3
 * 5) add a section covering her anesthesia department
 * 6) As the first woman to head a specialty division at Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Apgar had her work cut out for her. In conjunction with Dr. Allen Whipple, she built P&S's anesthesia division from the ground up. Apgar was placed in charge of the division's administrative duties and was also tasked with coordinating the staffing of the division and its work throughout the hospital. Throughout much of the 1940s, she was an administrator, teacher, recruiter, coordinator and practicing physician. Her work in this department definitely didn't come without challenges, however. It was often difficult to find residents for the program, as anesthesiology had only recently been converted from a nursing specialty to a physician specialty. New anesthesiologists also faced scrutiny from other physicians, specifically surgeons, who weren't used to having an anesthesia-specialized MD in the OR. These difficulties led to issues in gaining funding and support for the division. With America's entrance into World War II in 1941, many medical professionals enlisted in the military to help the war effort, which created a serious staffing problem for hospitals, Apgar's division included. When the war ended 1945, however, interest in anesthesiology was renewed in returning physicians, and the staffing problem for Apgar's division was quickly resolved. The specialty's growing popularity and Apgar's development of its residency program prompted P&S to establish it as an official department in 1949. Because of her lacking focus on research, though, Apgar was not made head of the department as was expected-- the job was given to her colleague, Dr. Emmanuel Papper. Instead, Apgar was given a faculty position at P&S. (source 2) DONE
 * 7) rearrange work and research section
 * 8) add more detail about the advent of the Apgar score and how it works
 * 9) Between the 1930s and the 1950s, the United States infant mortality rate decreased, but the number of infant deaths within the first 24 hours after birth remained stagnant. Apgar noticed this trend and began to investigate methods for decreasing the infant mortality rate specifically within the first 24 hours of the infant's life. As an obstetric anesthesiologist, Apgar was able to document trends that could distinguish healthy infants from infants in trouble. This research led to what is known as the Apgar score, which is, even today, a very widely used technique of assessing a newborn's health. Each newborn is given a score of 0, 1, or 2 (a score of 2 meaning the newborn is in optimal condition, 0 being in distress) in each of the following categories: heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflex irritability. Compiled scores for each newborn can range between 0 and 10, with 10 being the best possible condition for a newborn. Numerous Apgar scores were given by Apgar and her colleagues on thousands of infants between 1952 and 1958, proving that it was a  useful measurement by which physicians could quickly assess a newborn. By the 1960s, many hospitals were using the Apgar score consistently. Today, the Apgar score is still being used in hospitals throughout the United States. (source 2) DONE
 * 10) edit plagiarized paragraphs or report them