User:Ankimai/draft islamophobia sources

Criticism

 * Marcel Maussen, Anti-Muslim sentiments and mobilization in the Netherlands. Discourse, policies and violence. In Securitization and Religious Divides in Europe: Muslims in Western Europe after 9/11 - Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation, ed. J. Cesari, 100 -142. Challenge Project Report: The Changing Landscape of Citizenship and Security, 6th PCRD of the European Commission 2005, p. 102f.:


 * By using the term 'Islamophobia' to discuss a variety of discourses, policies and acts which have emerged in Western European societies, a simplistic image is constantly being reproduced of the 'enemies of Islam' confronting the 'friends of Islam'. Those who want to voice concerns or critical observations about Islam or about Muslim populations in Western Europe refuse to be simply excluded as speakers in the debate by being put away as racists and as victims of unreflective prejudices and 'phobias'.
 * In this chapter I will therefore avoid the term 'Islamophobia' and instead speak of anti-Muslim sentiments or discourses (...)


 * Jocelyne Cesari, Introduction: Use Of The Term “Islamophobia” In European Societies. In: Securitization and Religious Divides in Europe: Muslims in Western Europe after 9/11 - Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation, ed. J. Cesari, 5 - 9. Challenge Project Report: The Changing Landscape of Citizenship and Security, 6th PCRD of the European Commission 2005, p. 5:


 * academics are still debating the legitimacy of the term


 * Nick Haslam, Bigots are just sick at heart, The Australian, December 17, 2008:


 * Homophobic, xenophobic and Islamophobic should be seen [...] as ways of brushing aside opinions we dislike by invalidating the people who hold them. It could be argued that none of this matters. Perhaps calling attitudes phobias is meant as harmless metaphor, not as literal diagnosis. But words have consequences, and the consequences of pathologising social attitudes include moral arrogance, invalidation and backlash. These disorders close the door on dialogue. Let's cure our language of them.


 * David Goodhart, Open letter to Tariq Ramadan, Prospect Magazine online, June 30, 2007:


 * The ideology of Islamophobia is a mixture of exaggeration (see Kenan Malik’s work on this subject) and a sort of perverted utopianism that interprets the initial suspicion (and sometimes even hostility) towards strangers found in all cultures as proof of deep hatred of a particular religion.


 * Kenan Malik, The Islamophobia Myth, Prospect Magazine February 2005:


 * The trouble with Islamophobia is that it is an irrational concept. It confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other. The charge of 'Islamophobia' is all too often used not to highlight racism but to stifle criticism.


 * Pascal Bruckner, The invention of Islamophobia, (translated from:) Libération, November 23, 2010:


 * The term "Islamophobia" serves a number of functions: it denies the reality of an Islamic offensive in Europe all the better to justify it; it attacks secularism by equating it with fundamentalism. Above all, however, it wants to silence all those Muslims who question the Koran, who demand equality of the sexes, who claim the right to renounce religion, and who want to practice their faith freely and without submitting to the dictates of the bearded and doctrinaire.


 * Andrew Shryock, Introduction: Islam as an Object of Fear and Affection. In: Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend, Indiana University Press 2010, p.3:


 * Applying [the term 'Islamophobia'] is an exercise in negative characterization, a fact that makes [it] invaluable for political purposes, but potentially misleading for analytical and interpretive ones. When seen as a condition akin to homophobia, Islamophobia is something one should denounce, or treat, or cure.


 * Frank Furedi, Really Bad Ideas: Phobias, Spiked, May 21, 2007:


 * [T]he labelling of someone’s speech, attitude or behaviour as a phobia closes down discussion (...) Today, promoting the concept of Islamophobia is about setting up Islam as a criticism-free zone.


 * Bassam Tibi, Islamism and Islam, Yale University Press 2012, p. 29:


 * The Islamists have succeeded in defaming their critics as "Islamophobic" and pushing forward their narrative that Islam is under siege and Muslims are victims.


 *  Alan Johnson, The Idea of ‘Islamophobia’, World Affairs online, March 6, 2011:


 * The idea of “Islamophobia” helps to create an environment in which the Islamists’ narrative thrives. It encourages identity politics, hampers integration, and stokes the grievance culture.


 * Alison Pargeter, The New Frontiers of Jihad: Radical Islam in Europe, University of Pennsylvania Press 2008, page 198:


 * Indeed Islamophobia appears to have become a catch-all word and is cited as the reason even for socio-economic problems that are generally associated with being from an immigrant community.


 * Christian Joppke, Limits of Integration Policy: Britain and Her Muslims, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Volume 35, Issue 3, 2009, 453-472. Abstract:


 * I argue that, more than reflecting an adverse reality, the neologism ‘Islamophobia’ has functioned as a symbolic device of the British state to recognise the Muslim minority. However, the policy focus on Islamophobia had two negative consequences: first, it deflected from the real causes of disadvantage; secondly, it fuelled the quest for ‘respect and recognition’ that stands to be disappointed in a liberal state.


 * Walter Laqueur, The Origins of Fascism: Islamic Fascism, Islamophobia, Antisemitism, OUP blog, October 25, 2006:


 * But Islamophobia has never been used in the Indian context, hence the suspicion that “Islamophobia” came into being as a public relations stratagem (partly as a counterweight to antisemitism) in the West in which it was expected to have a political impact in view of guilt feelings prevailing in these countries. This is not of course to deny the existence of tensions and conflicts but these were and are mutual and the term “Islamophobia” clearly intended to allocate responsibility and guilt to one side only.


 * Marieme Helie-Lucas, Women Living Under Muslim Laws: Struggles Against Fundamentalism, Ninth Annual Dame Nita Barrow Lecture Toronto, November 2005:


 * I will first challenge the term Islamophobia. It is a success of fundamentalists' strategy that they have persuaded so many of the social forces that should be on our side in this struggle that being against their medieval views of religion can be equated to being against Islam.


 * Roland Imhoff & Julia Recker, Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and Secular Islam Critique, Political Psychology online, August 17, 2012


 * However, despite its widespread use in political discourse, few concepts have been debated as heatedly over the last ten years as the term Islamophobia.


 * John Gross, The phobia of phobias, The New Criterion, September 2004:
 * Islamophobia is a word which means a number of different things, and the confusion which can result suits many of those who use it very. well. At one extreme it covers the brutal racism of the BNP (the British National Party) and its supporters. But it is also freely employed to describe virtually any adverse criticism, however well-founded, of Muslim activities. Among educated people (who are probably the only ones who use it) it is a scare-word. It serves not so much to denote a phobia as to instill one.


 * Claus Leggewie, Wider das wachsende Misstrauen, taz, Tuesday, January 30, 2007 (in German), reviewed by eurotopics.net:


 * Political scientist Claus Leggewie calls for the terms "Islamofascism" and "Islamophobia" to be barred from public discourse.


 * Piers Benn, On Islamophobia-phobia, New Humanist, Vol.117, Issue 2 (Summer 2002):


 * Many who fear the rise of Islamophobia veer away from critical analysis of Islamic claims and practices, perhaps for fear of what they might find. They denounce critical scrutiny of Islam as somehow impolite, or ignorant of the religion's true nature. This is not intellectually or morally healthy.


 * Peter Baehr, Marxism and Islamism: Intellectual conformity in Aron's time and our own (Abstract), Journal of Classical Sociology, May 2011:


 * ‘Islamophobia,’ in contrast, is an unequivocal term of abuse, and for a plain reason: to admit to a social phobia is to acknowledge not simply a viewpoint, a political stance, or even a straightforward prejudice, but an illness.


 * Dave Minthorn, as quoted by politico.com (AP nixes 'homophobia', 'ethnic cleansing', 26 November 2012):


 * a phobia is a psychiatric or medical term for a severe mental disorder. Those terms have been used quite a bit in the past, and we don't feel that's quite accurate


 * Sam Harris, Response to Controversy, samharris.org, April 7, 2013:


 * “Islamophobia” is a term of propaganda.


 * Rod Earle / Coretta Phillips, “Muslim is the New Black” Race and Justice, April 2013 vol. 3 no. 2:


 * Islamophobia is also, however, in itself a problematic construct that may do more to reinforce the object it seeks to challenge by fusing culture and ethnicity with religion. Rather than distinguishing religious faith as transcultural and inter-ethnic it presents them as co-terminous ((Roy, 1999). This cultural conflation is unhelpful because it simplifies the complexities of diverse Muslim experience of prejudice and discrimination into a singular religious origin.


 * Meredith Tax, Unpacking the idea of “Islamophobia”, opendemocracy.net, 20 May 2013:


 * The purpose of the term is to cut off criticism.