User:Annalam9585/sandbox

Annalam9585

Article evaluation

 * There are links to definitions of words or phrases.
 * very organized table of contents
 * neutral article. no indication of bias or preference for a particular position.
 * plenty of statistics with links as support
 * last edited ten days ago
 * part of seven WikiProjects
 * talk page: debates on how the argument should be presented. not much discussion on opinions of the topic.

Final Project Topics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality

- add a section to the sentencing process

- talk more about how discrimination is continued from police brutality to the sentencing process

- define "harsher sentence"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States

- add more examples, case studies, real life examples

Possible contributions to Race and crime in the United States page

- mention specific court cases, real life examples

- provide statistical information that is more relevant to today's time (within past few years)

- focus on a specific area in the United States

External sources:

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/opinion/sunday/unequal-sentences-for-blacks-and-whites.html https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/141027_iachr_racial_disparities_aclu_submission_0.pdf

https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/fsd0512_sum.pdf

https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/fsd0512.pdf

https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/disparity.pdf

Adding to Gender Pay Gap Article
Based on Catherine Burr's article "False Allegations of Sexual Harassment: Misunderstandings and Realities", there seems to be a lack of a clear and universal understanding of what classifies as sexual harassment which may lead to false allegations. To comprehend the correlation between gender pay gap and sexual harassment, it's essential to decipher and distinguish sexual harassment.

Assignment 6: Article Draft

 * not only investigate the relationship between race and criminal sentencing but also between gender and sentencing because black females were found to not be disadvantaged compared to white females. Women are also treated paternalistically in court because some think the sentencing guidelines harm women so they are sentenced more leniently.
 * include specific examples from past cases (Fate Vincent Winslow, Sharanda Purlette Jones, Duane Buck, Glenn Ford, etc.)
 * mention not only sentencing but other stages of the process as well such as how blacks were more likely to have their cars searched, arrested for drug crimes, jailed while awaiting trail and offered a plea deal that includes prison time, excluded from juries, disenfranchised, have their probation revoked, etc.
 * include possible theories for why disparities exist (low levels of income and education) (related factors)

According to a 2001 study, Hispanics and blacks receive an average sentencing of 54.1 and 64.1 months, respectively, while whites receive an average of 32.1 months. 77,236 offenders, sentenced under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, were evaluated to control for extraneous variables other than race, but these findings remain relevant despite the fact that the offenders committed the same offense and received sentencing from the same district court. This finding is consistent across jurisdictions in multiple states within the U.S. However, correlation cannot be established solely on superficial preference in skin color. Racial stereotypes and related factors such as socioeconomic status influence the court’s perception of the individual as well as its decision-making. For instance, judges may perceive minority defendants as unable to afford fines or probation fees. Consequently, they resort to jail term as opposed to community corrections sentence.

A 2014 study also revealed that judges subconsciously utilize the assumption that minorities are more likely to recidivate to issue a longer sentencing that will prevent the defendants from reengaging in criminal offenses. Additionally, theorists advocate that minorities are stereotypically identified as more violent and guilty than whites. This perception encourages judges to believe that they are preventing the onset of future crimes by imprisoning the defendants for a longer duration. This preconception that minorities are unable to economically support themselves warns the judicial system that they are more likely to resort to criminal activity in order to gain access to money or other objectives. Because these characteristics are less associated with white offenders, judges unintentionally treat the two differently. The short amount of time that judges share with defendants in court is insufficient in establishing an objective understanding. As a result, judges may subjectively utilize the factors that they are given, such as the color of the skin, to construct an impression. Prejudgments on the basis of race influence perception of responsibility and threat to the society. Consequently, disparities in sentencing exist. Image

2009. Percent of adult males incarcerated by race and ethnicity.