User:Annetsokol/sandbox

ANNET

Your topic is Frances Degen Horowitz who works in the field of developmental psychology with research interests in infant speech. Here is a link to her biographical sketch: http://faculty.webster.edu/woolflm/horowitz.html Your group members are Rachel Edmonds and Gabriella Regalbutto. Please work in this sandbox. All of your group members’ contributions will be visible.

Frances Degen Horowitz (born 1932 in PLACE) is a psychologist and professor known for her dedication and research in the fields of child development with specific interest in infants. Her highly noted child psychology research focused on how similar environments and experiences have differential impact on the development of children. Horowitz is also widely known for her infant studies on visual attention and discrimination. Throughout her career she has held a multitude of professional positions, received numerous awards, and published many notable papers. Horowitz has published over one hundred scholarly articles, served on the editorial board of six scholarly journals, and written a book titled Explorin g Developmental Theories: Toward A Structural/Behavioral Model of Development. Markedly, Horowitz received the Outstanding Educator of America Award, became a Ford Foundation Fellow, and was one of eight US scholars chosen to participate in the 1982 Distinguished Scholar Exchange Program with China. Additionally, she served as a Fellow to the Center for the Advanced Study of Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. Horowitz became president of the City University of New York in 1991.

.... (Write a brief summary about the psychologist's are of interest and briefly mention any major awards or publications. You can also add a link to the psychologist's external website.)

Biography
GABRIELLA

Horowitz received her B.A./B.S. degree in Philosophy from Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, M.Ed. in Elementary Education from Goucher College and Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from the University of Iowa. She worked under the supervision of [Insert Name of Mentor] at [Insert University]. Briefly describe the research she did as a graduate student. Throughtout Dr. Horowitz's career, she has worked at many places, conducting study after study and has received the Outstanding Educator of America Award in 1973.

Horowitz had a connection with the Childhood Research Program at Kansas. Because she was interested in pursuing individual difference research in, she conducted several studies on infant visual attention and discrimination. She believed that this was an importnat study. One of her studies involved infants. They were exposed to a stimulus for twenty seconds and she noticed that some babies looked at the stimulus longer than others did. After discovering this, Horowitz decided to let the infants control the experiment and only exposed the infants to the stimulus for as long as they looked at it. Some infants were finished with the stimulus after five seconds; others looked at it for thirty seconds or even a minute.

Horowitz has published numerous scholarly articles, served on the editorial board of six scholarly journals, and written a book titled Explorin g Developmental Theories: Toward A Structural/Behavioral Model of Development

What impact does her work have on society? What are some findings?

Outside of scholarly work, what else did she do?

Research
RACHEL

Frances Degen Horowitz is known for her extensive research pertaining to the field of child development, which focuses on the changes exhibited by children throughout the course of their childhood due to factors like their social, emotional, and cognitive growth. Horowitz focused particularly on early infant development, researching the assessment of their individual differences as well as analyzing research strategies aimed toward understanding their early development.

In 1960 Horowitz took a position in the Bureau of Child Research in Kansas, and in 1961 she created the Department of Human Development and Family Life at the University of Kansas, which partnered with the Bureau of Child Research. As a researcher at the university she investigated the individual differences among young children pertaining to how they develop differently even when exposed to similar environments and experiences. She began her experiments by conducting a study where infants were exposed to a stimulus for twenty seconds and then had their responses recorded. Horowitz found that some babies were engaged by the stimulus for a longer amount of time than others, resulting in her tweaking the experiment to exposing the babies to the stimulus for as long as they looked at it. From this experiment she found that some babies were done looking at the stimulus within five seconds while others gave it their attention for thirty to sixty seconds. These initial findings intrigued Horowitz to expand on individual difference research, leading her to collaborate with well-known pediatricians like T. Berry Brazelton, who at the time was working on newborn observational strategies. Her initial experiments helped formulate the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), sometimes referred to as the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (BNAS).

The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is a series of tests administered to infants aged three days to four weeks that produces forty-seven scores, of which twenty-seven are behavior-related and twenty are elicited responses. The scores given correspond to a variety of areas that coincide with a newborn’s neurological, social, and behavioral functioning, which can then be assessed to give parents specialized strategies on how to develop appropriate caring methods to provide their child with intimate relationships that enhance their individual growth. This test is not a valid source to predict a child’s future behaviors, but rather an assessment of currently present ones that may be benefit from early assistance. The reason as to why no infant is given a singular score but rather a plethora based on various test subjects is due to the fact that Horowitz believed that there is a complex equation as to how and why certain individuals grow up and become the people they are. She found a duality involving the biologically determined general outlines of one’s character and the undetermined portions left for environmentally controlled opportunities and how they ultimately reflect how universals and non universals affect behavioral development.

Briefly describe one or more of her studies and what is the general implication of the study for each.

Research topic 2, findings, and implication

Research topic 3, findings, and implication

Representative Publications
List representative publications in APA format. You can retrieve the correct citation format from Google Scholar.