User:Anneyh/Notes/Paris Métro Style in map and station design

Notes on

Chapter 2 (1900-1910)

 * p. 23:Pioneering Tunnelling, Marc Brunel and his son. Box Hill Tunnel, 2.9 km, opened in 1841 using explosives. Cut and cover method (London 1863, Budapest 1896) Unconvenient digging of streets in Paris, "Belgian method". Stations located close to the surface. White ceramics ordered to four companies. Choice of bevelled edge version.
 * p. 24:Other tiles at Porte de Vincennes, Victor Hugo and Porte Dauphine. Metro always electric. Requirement for subtle entrances, few ground level building. Adrien Benard, Art Nouveau. Competition resulted in "too industrial, stark or austere for the distinctive and pretty Parisian streets".
 * p. 25:Hector Guimard. 1899 Tramway station at Caen, apartments in the 16th arrondissement. Four basic types: self standing building (Bastille and Etoile) or Pavillons (oriental, Japanese pagoda). Edicule B, for ends of lines, enamel panels and glass roof (canopy) emblem of early station. Edicule A without extra glass. Entourage for normal stations. Electrical lighting, organic flowers, candelabre style Temporary structures at opening.
 * p. 26:Metropolitain Art Nouveau writing, no map holder until Nord Sud. No Guimard at Champs Elysees etc. Orange/red bulbs - subterrean monster. Blue panel signage in the stations (like street names). Circular line, elevated due to complex geology. Biette nominates Formige, delicate iron and stone set-up.
 * p. 27:Opening on 19th July 1900 (Exhibition from 14th April to 10th november). Ligne 2 Sud Etoile-Trocadero, later Ligne 5. Porte Dauphine Guimard entrance. Success of the system (1900-07 to 1900-12, 17,660,286 passenger journeys).
 * p. 28:Couronnes 1903-08-10. (...)Cassien-Bernanrd for Opera.
 * p. 29:1904 Guimard out, CMP buys moulds and trademark. Modular dsign replicated. More entrance after Couronnes.

Chapter 7 (1948-1968)
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 * p. 84: 21st March 1948 RATP. Need to modernize.
 * p. 85:Backlit station finder, developed in 1937, rolled out (high maintenance and difficult update). Six stations chosen as pilots for renovation.
 * p. 86:Franklin D. Roosevelt, aluminium plus glass, steel clading at Opera, Chuassee d'Antin, Saint Paul. 1958 Republique.
 * p. 87:Republic renovation chosen and used in 70 stations. Carrossage. Cream metallic panels and brown enamel with yellow letters. Most NS station covered because of different add sizes (lines 12/13).
 * p. 88:Only 7 N-S stations not covered. Liege. Mid 60s difficulty of maintenance.