User:AnnikaET/sandbox

Article Evaluation
I chose to read and evaluate the Wikipedia article on nickel, which was rated a good article criteria.

- Everything in the article was informative and relevant about nickel however I found more information could have been provided about future nickel use and extraction. I think it was lacking information about the coinage and world production, in my opinion 2017 data should be incorporated into the page as we are now in 2018. I also found that there was little information in the coinage sub-section and the information was very closely related to the world production sector. Improving the article flow to allow readers to better link the topics together might be able to be done by combining the coinage and world production sections into one sub-topic.

- I do not see any bias facts and I think it is a relatively neutral article.

- I find that the specifics of production in each country is underrepresented and could have more information provided. I also think that there is not a lot of information in the occurrence section - more specifically potential future occurrences.

- The citations seem to work well when you try to click on them and are cited nicely at the end of the article.

- A lot of the topics on the Talk page for the article is relatively recent, most within the last year, and discuss things like how nickel is carcinogenic and how nickel is incorporated into the earth's core.

- The article is rated as good criteria and is involved in 6 WikiProjects such as Mining, Geology and Chemicals - all of which are rated of high-importance.

- We have yet to discuss Nickel a lot and this article goes into great detail about many sub-topics of Nickel.

- I added a comment in the talk section about potential edits that could be added "I am new to being a Wikieditor but chose to assess this article and was wondering if it was too early to incorporate data from 2017 in the article? I think it would be useful to have the data inputted to have it as accurate as possible. AnnikaET (talk) 17:58, 27 January 2018 (UTC)"

Add to an Article Assignment - due 02/08/2018
I added to the natural resource of carbon, specifically about carbon uses. I looked into a recently popular product, activated charcoal, where bamboo is carbonized. I added the following to the Charcoal page on Wikipedia:

Cosmetic Use of Bamboo Charcoal
Charcoal has started to become popular as a cosmetic product with multiple uses. It is created by obtaining regular bamboo, cut down into smaller pieces and then boiled in distilled water to wash it. Then it is dried out, carbonized in a oven (at roughly 800-1200 degrees celsius) for many hours and results in raw bamboo charcoal. this process was discovered with to utilize charcoals highly effective absorbing properties at a microscopic-state/fine-grained level.

Assignment Topic and Sources SophieL3
SophieL3 User:SophieL3/sandbox and I have chosen the topic of Siberian Traps for our assignments.

I plan to add in the newest finding of large nickel deposits in the same areas that Siberian trap explosions occurred, a new study has found that the large nickel deposits have been located at the same boundaries of Permian and Triassic traced rocks. With it being in the area between both geologic periods, the authors linked the Siberian trap that occurred at that time to the Permian mass extinction. Other sources have also confirmed the linking of the traps to the so I plan to present the evidence behind the linking of the extinction to Siberian traps. The believed mechanism was that a biogenic methane burst was the volcanic event that brought nickel to the surface during the extinction just before the Triassic period began. I plan to describe the events, how it was actually linked and the significance of this linkage. It is important to add this to wikipedia page for Siberian traps as there is currently only one link about how a nickel deposit formed in one of the more complete sections of the Siberian Traps. Since it is recent research from a journal article it is important to have the updated research added to the page and explained.

Rough Draft of Siberian Traps Article - due 03/01/2018
In addition to the changes I plan to make that link nickel deposits to the Permian and Triassic traced rocks, I am also going to edit pre-existing information in the Impacts on Pre-historic life section of the Siberian Traps wikipedia article. My partner had initially decided to cover the Pre-historic life impacts section, however we want to split the editing workload evenly upon ourselves which is why I will now be working on that subtopic.

In this draft I expanded on the one sentence that was on nickel deposits into dating the deposits in the Siberian Traps. In the upcoming weeks, I plan to add additional sources, information/details and grammatical/spelling edits to the changes I have already made in the first rough draft presented below. Specifically further details and explanations as to how the nickel became the focus in linking the Siberian Traps as well as adding information to the pre-existing Impact on Prehistoric Life sub-topic.

The following sections include the information from the pre-existing article as well as any editorial changes I have made.

Impact on prehistoric life[edit]
One of the major questions is whether the Siberian Traps were directly responsible for the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event, or if they were themselves caused by some other, larger event, such as an asteroid impact. A recent hypothesis put forward is that the volcanism was a trigger that led to an explosion of the growth of Methanosarcina, a microbe that then spewed enormous amounts of methane into Earth's atmosphere.

This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed about 95% of all marine and terrestrial species living at the time. Life on land took roughly 30 million years to fully recover from the environmental disruptions which may have been caused by the eruption of the Siberian Traps. Calculations of sea water temperature from δ18O measurements indicate that at the peak of the extinction, the Earth underwent lethally hot global warming, in which equatorial ocean temperatures exceeded 40 °C (104 °F).

Paleontological evidence further indicates that the global distribution of tetrapods vanished, with very rare exceptions in the region of Pangaea that is today Utah, between latitudes bounded by approximately 40°S to 30°N. The tetrapod gap of equatorial Pangaea coincides with an end-Permian to Middle Triassic global "coal gap" that indicates the loss of peat swamps. Peat formation, a product of high plant productivity, was reestablished only in the Anisian stage of the Triassic, and even then only in high southern latitudes, although gymnosperm forests appeared earlier (in the Early Spathian), but again only in northern and southern higher latitudes. In equatorial Pangaea, the establishment of conifer-dominated forests was not until the end of the Spathian, and the first coals at these latitudes did not appear until the Carnian, ~15 million years after their end-Permian disappearance. These signals suggest equatorial temperatures exceeded their thermal tolerance for many marine vertebrates at least during two thermal maxima, whereas terrestrial equatorial temperatures were sufficiently severe to suppress plant and animal abundance during most of the Early Triassic.

Nickel deposits[edit]
The giant Norilsk-Talnakh nickel–copper–palladium deposit formed within the magma conduits in the most complete part of the Siberian Traps. It has been linked to the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which occurred approximately 251.4 million years ago, based on large amounts of Nickel (Ni) found in rock beds that were laid down after the extinction occurred. The method used to correlate the extinction event with the surplus amount of nickel located in the Siberian Traps, is by comparing the timeline of the magmatism within the traps and the timeline of the extinction itself. Before the linkage between magnetism and the extinction event was discovered, it was hypothesized that the mass extinction and volcanism occurred at the same time due to the linkages in rock composition. .

The volcanism that occurred in the Siberian Traps resulted in copious amounts of magma being ejected from the Earth's crust - leaving permanent traces of rock from the same time period of the mass extinction that is able to be examined today. More specifically large amounts of zircon was deposited into the rocks once the magma cooled. To further the accuracy of the age of the zircon, several varying aged pieces of zircon were organized into a timeline based off when they cooled. The CA-TIMS technique, a chemical abrasion age-dating technique that eliminates variability in accuracy due to lead depletion in zircon over time, was then used to accurately determine the age of the zircons found in the Siberian Traps. Eliminating the variability due to lead, the CA-TIMS age-dating technique allowed Uranium within the zircon to be the centre focus in linking the volcanism in the Siberian Traps that resulted in high amounts of magnetic material with the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.

Peer Review on Fertilizers- Due 03/08/2018
I chose to edit the "Fertilizer" Wikipedia article that is being edited by Nataliezahrebelny in Carleton Universities ERTH 4303 class after reading her rough draft in her sandbox. Based off the 5 elements that the best Wikipedia articles have the Fertilizer page does have lead section that is easy to understand however it is short for a Wikipedia page that does have multiple sub-topics and lots of information within it. It might be useful to add one-two sentences that are summaries of each sub-topic for the lead section to be a well-rounded representation of the entire page. The structure of the page is well sorted and easy to follow/understand as each sub-topic coincides with the following sub-topic. Balanced coverage could be improved as some sub-topics have more information/details within than others do but this is out of the editors control sometimes as information/details are limited. Content is very neutral and all of the students editions are very well and neutrally written. Finally, all of the sources that the student editor added are peer reviewed reliable sources which completes it to be a well-written article, with all additions being beneficial to the overall quality of the article.

Additionally, the editor provided sources/studies done and explained why they were relevant to the article, making it easier to follow. This is something that I did not do when constructing my draft and would be beneficial to those who are editing or trying to follow any changes I have made to the article in the future. Oppositely, I wrote out the actual sentences with sources in my sandbox that I plan to add to the article or the sentences I wanted to change to the pre-existing sentences in the article - this would have been beneficial to see in their rough draft so that I could see the "flow" of the sentences throughout the article.

Peer Review on Placer Mining - Due 03/08/2018
I chose to edit the "Placer mining" Wikipedia article and any changes that are being made by PatJardine in Carleton Universities ERTH 4303 after reading their rough draft. Based off the 5 elements that the best Wikipedia articles have the Placer mining page does have lead section that is easy to understand however it is short for a Wikipedia page that does have multiple sub-topics and lots of information within it. One recommendation I have is to add one-two sentences that are summaries of each sub-topic for the lead section to be a well-rounded representation of the entire page. Since the rough-draft editing process is over several weeks, I recommend adding these in at the end before the final submission so that all of their edits are taken into account for better accuracy of the lead section. The structure of the page is well sorted and easy to follow/understand as each sub-topic flows with the following sub-topic and are somewhat related. Balanced coverage of all sub-topics is really well established in this article and is not commonly seen in Wikipedia articles that are marked with needing improvement. In my case, this is something that I do need to work on throughout my own article and it was definitely beneficial to see other articles that are being edited to see proper article structure when it comes to balanced coverage. The content is very neutral and all of the students editions are very well and neutrally written. Finally, all of the sources that the student editor added are peer reviewed reliable sources which completes it to be a well-written article, with all additions being beneficial to the overall quality of the article. However, I would recommend the editors to try to find more recent sources as theirs are all from 2001 or older. The reason I recommend this is because it was brought to my attention when speaking to another Wikipedia student editor from another course at Carleton University as it was something their professor recommended.

Something I gained from reviewing this article was to bold edits that I plan to make on the article to make it clear for the TA, professor and other editors that are reviewing any changes I have made. I will definitely take this method into consideration when editing/adding to my rough draft in the future. I would also recommend the editor to write out the changes they plan to make so that the TA, professor and other editors can understand and physically see that changes/improvements are made over time until the final draft is due in April.

Expand Your Draft - Due 03/08/2018
In this expanded draft I elaborated on the one sentence that was on nickel deposits section even more, added multiple sources, re-worded sentences and added more information to the Impact on Prehistoric Life Sub-heading. In the upcoming weeks, I plan to add additional sources, information/details and grammatical/spelling edits to the changes I have already made in rough draft presented below. Specifically further details and explanations as to how the nickel became the focus in linking the Siberian Traps as well as adding information to the pre-existing Impact on Prehistoric Life sub-topic. I changed the sub-heading to Deposits within Siberian Trap Rock Samples from Nickel Deposits because of multiple types of deposits that have been found in the traps, not just Nickel.

Additionally, next week I plan to take into account the feedback I will receive from the peer-review assignment and make any adjustments to my additions to the Siberian Traps article recommended by my classmates. In future weeks I also plan on taking the edits I have made and information I have added and "tweaking" it to get a good flow of the page and better sentence structure/spelling/grammar.

Lastly, once all major editing has been finished and all details/facts have been added, in the coming weeks I plan to update and edit the lead section of the article before the final submission is due in April.

The following sections include the information from the pre-existing article, my changes from last weeks rough draft as well as any editorial changes I have made this week (in bold).

Impact on prehistoric life[edit]
One of the major questions is whether the Siberian Traps were directly responsible for the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event that occurred 250 million years ago, or if they were themselves caused by some other, larger event, such as an asteroid impact. A recent hypothesis put forward is that the volcanism was a trigger that led to an explosion of the growth of Methanosarcina, a microbe that then spewed enormous amounts of methane into Earth's atmosphere. Ultimately altering the Earth's carbon cycle based on several observations such as a significant increase of inorganic carbon reservoirs in marine environments .

This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed about 95% of all marine and terrestrial species living at the time. Some of the disastrous events that impacted the Earth continued to repeat themselves on Earth 5-6 million years after the initial extinction occurred. Over time a small portion of the life that survived the extinction were able to repopulate and expand starting with low trophic levels (local communities) until the higher trophic levels (large habitats) were able to be re-established. It took roughly 8-9 million years for any diverse ecosystem to be re-established however, new classes of animals were established after the extinction that did not exist beforehand. Calculations of sea water temperature from δ18O measurements indicate that at the peak of the extinction, the Earth underwent lethally hot global warming, in which equatorial ocean temperatures exceeded 40 °C (104 °F).[citation needed]

Paleontological evidence further indicates that the global distribution of tetrapods vanished, with very rare exceptions in the region of Pangaea that is today Utah, between latitudes bounded by approximately 40°S to 30°N. The tetrapod gap of equatorial Pangaea coincides with an end-Permian to Middle Triassic global "coal gap" that indicates the loss of peat swamps. Peat formation, a product of high plant productivity, was reestablished only in the Anisian stage of the Triassic, and even then only in high southern latitudes, although gymnosperm forests appeared earlier (in the Early Spathian), but again only in northern and southern higher latitudes. In equatorial Pangaea, the establishment of conifer-dominated forests was not until the end of the Spathian, and the first coals at these latitudes did not appear until the Carnian, ~15 million years after their end-Permian disappearance. These signals suggest equatorial temperatures exceeded their thermal tolerance for many marine vertebrates at least during two thermal maxima, whereas terrestrial equatorial temperatures were sufficiently severe to suppress plant and animal abundance during most of the Early Triassic.

Deposits within Siberian Trap Rock Samples [edit]
The giant Norilsk-Talnakh nickel–copper–palladium deposit formed within the magma conduits in the most complete part of the Siberian Traps. The Extinction event created large amounts of Nickel (Ni) and other elements that are now found in the rock beds that were laid down after the extinction occurred. Their methodology of correlating the events was to use the magnesium levels and the extinction event itself with the surplus amount of nickel located in the Siberian Traps. Before the connection between magnetism and the extinction event was discovered, it was hypothesized that the mass extinction and volcanism occurred at the same time due to the linkages in rock composition. .

The volcanism that occurred in the Siberian Traps resulted in copious amounts of magma being ejected from the Earth's crust - leaving permanent traces of rock from the same time period of the mass extinction that is able to be examined today. More specifically large amounts of zircon was deposited into the rocks once the magma cooled. To further the accuracy of the age of the zircon, several varying aged pieces of zircon were organized into a timeline based off when they cooled. The CA-TIMS technique, a chemical abrasion age-dating technique that eliminates variability in accuracy due to lead depletion in zircon over time, was then used to accurately determine the age of the zircons found in the Siberian Traps. Eliminating the variability due to lead, the CA-TIMS age-dating technique allowed Uranium within the zircon to be the centre focus in linking the volcanism in the Siberian Traps that resulted in high amounts of magnetic material with the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.

'''To further the connection between the Permain-Triassic extinction event, other disastrous events occurred around the same time period, such as sea level changes, meteor impacts and volcanism. Specifically focusing on volcanism, rock samples from the Siberian Traps and other southern regions were obtained and compared. Basalts and gabbro samples from several southern regions close to and from the Siberian Traps were dated based on Argon isotope 40 and Argon isotope 39 age-dating methods. Feldspar and biotite was specifically used to focus on the samples age and duration of the presence magma from the volcanic event in the Siberian traps .The majority of the basalt and gabbro samples dated to 250 million years ago, covered a surface area of 5 million square kilometres on the Siberian Traps and occurred within a short period of time with rapid rock solidification/cooling. Studies confirmed that samples of gabbro and basalt from the same time period of the Permain-Triassic event from the other southern regions also matched the age of samples within the Siberian Traps. This confirms the assumption of the linkage between the age of volcanic rocks within the Siberian Traps, along with rock samples from other southern regions to the Perimian-Triassic mass extinction event .'''

Respond to Peer Review - Due 03/15/2018
The first peer review completed by Nataliezahrebelny suggested continuing to add information to the draft and edit minor spelling/grammatical errors. I will be continuously making grammar/spelling changes/updates to my draft as the weeks go by as each time the draft is edited, more minor errors like that are corrected.

The second peer review completed by Abineaga.m suggested adding more citations to the Impact on Prehistoric Life section of my draft. I did indicate that these citations do take time to find sources for the information that was pre-existing in the article as I did not write it. However, I am continuing to spend time searching for these facts or trying to make changes if any facts are incorrect. It was suggested to add more sources to the deposits section of the draft however all facts are supported by atleast one peer reviewed journal article and this topic has not been researched in-depth so resources are limited. However, I do plan on continuing to add additional sources as support for in the future weeks of "fine tuning" my draft.

Unfortunately, I added in a significant amount of information to the draft due on the 8th of March which is also when the peer review was due. Therefor at the time that I was peer reviewed, it had significantly less information in my draft than when I submitted it the night that it was due as I saw their comments in the talk section of my sandbox before the 8th of March so I had already made the changes to my article that the peer reviewers had made.

Impact on Prehistoric Life [edit]
One of the major questions is whether the Siberian Traps were directly responsible for the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event that occurred 250 million years ago, or if they were themselves caused by some other, larger event, such as an asteroid impact. A recent hypothesis put forward is that the volcanism was a trigger that led to an explosion of the growth of Methanosarcina, a microbe that then spewed enormous amounts of methane into Earth's atmosphere. Ultimately altering the Earth's carbon cycle based on several observations such as a significant increase of inorganic carbon reservoirs in marine environments.

This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed about 95% of all marine and terrestrial species living at the time. Some of the disastrous events that impacted the Earth continued to repeat themselves on Earth 5-6 million years after the initial extinction occurred. Over time a small portion of the life that survived the extinction were able to repopulate and expand starting with low trophic levels (local communities) until the higher trophic levels (large habitats) were able to be re-established. It took roughly 8-9 million years for any diverse ecosystem to be re-established however, new classes of animals were established after the extinction that did not exist beforehand. Calculations of sea water temperature from δ18O measurements indicate that at the peak of the extinction, the Earth underwent lethally hot global warming, in which equatorial ocean temperatures exceeded 40 °C (104 °F).[citation needed]

Paleontological evidence further indicates that the global distribution of tetrapods vanished, with very rare exceptions in the region of Pangaea that is today the state of Utah in the United States of America, between latitudes bounded by approximately 40°S to 30°N. The tetrapod gap of equatorial Pangaea coincides with an end-Permian to Middle Triassic global "coal gap" that indicates the loss of peat swamps. Peat formation, a product of high plant productivity, was reestablished only in the Anisian stage of the Triassic, and even then only in high southern latitudes, although gymnosperm forests appeared earlier (in the Early Spathian), but again only in northern and southern higher latitudes. In equatorial Pangaea, the establishment of conifer-dominated forests was not until the end of the Spathian, and the first coals at these latitudes did not appear until the Carnian, ~15 million years after their end-Permian disappearance. These signals suggest equatorial temperatures exceeded their thermal tolerance for many marine vertebrates at least during two thermal maxima, whereas terrestrial equatorial temperatures were sufficiently severe to suppress plant and animal abundance during most of the Early Triassic.

Deposits within Siberian Trap Rock Samples [edit]
The giant Norilsk-Talnakh nickel–copper–palladium deposit formed within the magma conduits in the most complete part of the Siberian Traps. It has been linked to the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which occurred approximately 251.4 million years ago, based on large amounts of Nickel (Ni) and other elements found in rock beds that were laid down after the extinction occurred. The method used to correlate the extinction event with the surplus amount of nickel located in the Siberian Traps, is by comparing the timeline of the magmatism within the traps and the timeline of the extinction itself. Before the linkage between magnetism and the extinction event was discovered, it was hypothesized that the mass extinction and volcanism occurred at the same time due to the linkages in rock composition. .

The volcanism that occurred in the Siberian Traps resulted in copious amounts of magma being ejected from the Earth's crust - leaving permanent traces of rock from the same time period of the mass extinction that is able to be examined today. More specifically large amounts of zircon was deposited into the rocks once the magma cooled. To further the accuracy of the age of the zircon, several varying aged pieces of zircon were organized into a timeline based off when they cooled. The CA-TIMS technique, a chemical abrasion age-dating technique that eliminates variability in accuracy due to lead depletion in zircon over time, was then used to accurately determine the age of the zircons found in the Siberian Traps. Eliminating the variability due to lead, the CA-TIMS age-dating technique allowed Uranium within the zircon to be the centre focus in linking the volcanism in the Siberian Traps that resulted in high amounts of magnetic material with the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.

To further the connection between the Permain-Triassic extinction event, other disastrous events occurred around the same time period, such as sea level changes, meteor impacts and volcanism. Specifically focusing on volcanism, rock samples from the Siberian Traps and other southern regions were obtained and compared. Basalts and gabbro samples from several southern regions close to and from the Siberian Traps were dated based on Argon isotope 40 and Argon isotope 39 age-dating methods. Feldspar and biotite was specifically used to focus on the samples age and duration of the presence magma from the volcanic event in the Siberian traps.The majority of the basalt and gabbro samples dated to 250 million years ago, covered a surface area of 5 million square kilometres on the Siberian Traps and occurred within a short period of time with rapid rock solidification/cooling. Studies confirmed that samples of gabbro and basalt from the same time period of the Permain-Triassic event from the other southern regions also matched the age of samples within the Siberian Traps. This confirms the assumption of the linkage between the age of volcanic rocks within the Siberian Traps, along with rock samples from other southern regions to the Perimian-Triassic mass extinction event.

Begin Moving Your Work To Wikipedia - Due on 03/22/2018
After having difficulty trying to figure out how to paste things over slowly, while having the sources from my sandbox pasting over as well, I changed the name of the Nickel deposits section to better represent information about multiple different samples found in the traps. I also added the following information:

Deposits within Siberian Trap Rock Samples
The giant Norilsk-Talnakh nickel–copper–palladium deposit formed within the magma conduits in the most complete part of the Siberian Traps. It has been linked to the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which occurred approximately 251.4 million years ago, based on large amounts of Nickel (Ni) and other elements found in rock beds that were laid down after the extinction occurred. The method used to correlate the extinction event with the surplus amount of nickel located in the Siberian Traps, is by comparing the timeline of the magmatism within the traps and the timeline of the extinction itself. Before the linkage between magnetism and the extinction event was discovered, it was hypothesized that the mass extinction and volcanism occurred at the same time due to the linkages in rock composition. .

In future weeks I plan to slowly add more to my draft and continue to slowly move things over to the live page, while making sure all citations are properly pasted along with my new information.

Final Article - Due 04/11/2018
I moved all of my edits and citations over to the live Wikipedia page. I also consulted with my partner Sophie to look at each other's work and how the Siberian Traps page looked overall! I also added a picture to the page in the Mineral deposits section highlighting different minerals found within the traps. I learned a lot about the Siberian Traps, its resources and its linkage to the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Overall, this assignment was very interesting, I learned a lot about Wikipedia and the in-depth process that is taken when deciding what information Wikipedia wants in their articles (non-biased, peer-reviewed, neutral, etc). It also linked into the course material as well as linking to courses I have taken or am currently taking.