User:Anthony Trollope

Anthony Trollope (April 24, 1815 - December 6, 1882) became one of the most successful and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. His popularity continues into the present day (one famous fan being ex-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, John Major); however, his reputation amongst literary critics fluctuates markedly, for reasons explained below.

Biography
Trollope was born in London, England, the son of a barrister, and educated at various public schools until his family moved to Belgium. Trollope's experiences at these schools were very miserable; at the age of twelve he fantasised about suicide. However, he took to daydreaming instead, constructing elaborate inner worlds.



Following his father's death, Trollope's mother, Frances, embarked on a writing career to make ends meet. Trollope himself obtained a job in the Post Office in 1834, and was sent to work in Ireland in 1841. On the numerous long train trips Trollope had to take to carry out his Post Office duties, he began writing, and set very firm goals about how much he would write per day, earning Trollope the title of being one of the most prolific writers of his time. He wrote his earliest novels while working as a Post man, occasionally dipping into the 'lost-letter' box for ideas (it is significant that many of his earliest novels have Ireland as their setting &mdash; natural enough given his background, but not likely to lead to a warm critical reception given the contemporary English attitudes towards Ireland). During the period of his employment as a Post Office official, Trollope is credited with having introduced the pillar box (a bright red mail box) in the United Kingdom.

After leaving the service and failing in a bid for election to Parliament, Trollope became a full-time writer, working as editor of the St Paul's Magazine. Through this magazine he published several of his novels. His first major success came with The Warden (1855) &mdash; the first in the series of six novels set in the mythical county of "Barsetshire" (often referred to as the Chronicles of Barsetshire). The best-known of these is probably the comic masterpiece, Barchester Towers (1857).

Trollope's other major sequence of novels, serialised in the 1970s by the BBC under the title, The Pallisers, deals with politics, mainly in the shape of Plantagenet Palliser (although, like the Barsetshire series, many other characters feature in each novel). Also noteworthy are Cousin Henry and Dr. Wortle's School (both probing psychological and moral studies in the vein of The Warden) and The Way We Live Now, a sweeping satire that has of late years received increasing respect and which was recently dramatised by the BBC.

By the time of his death, Trollope had completed approximately four dozen novels, as well as dozens of short stories and a few books on travel.

Anthony Trollope died in 1882 and was interred in Kensal Green Cemetery, London, England, where Wilkie Collins is also buried. C.P. Snow wrote a biography of Trollope, published in 1975, titled Trollope: His Life and Art.

Reputation
After his death, Trollope's Autobiography appeared. It was largely this volume that led to Trollope's downfall with the critics. Even during his writing career, reviewers of his books tended increasingly to shake their heads over his prodigious output (and the same went for Dickens), but when Trollope revealed that he actually adhered to a definite schedule, he confirmed his critics' worst fears. The Muse, in their view, might just possibly be immensely prolific; but she would never work on schedule. (Interestingly, no-one has decried Gustave Flaubert for diligence, though he too worked on a schedule-scheme similar to Trollope's.) Worse, Trollope admitted that he wrote for money and called the disdain of money false and foolish. The Muse should not be aware of money.

Henry James drove the final nail into the coffin of Trollope's reputation. The young James wrote some scathing reviews of Trollope's novels (The Belton Estate, for instance, he called "a stupid book, without a single thought or idea in it ... a sort of mental pablum"). He also made it clear that he despised Trollope's narrative method; a real novel, in James's view, should maintain "the fiction of fiction", and never talk as if the made-up characters actually were made up. Nor would the reliable narrator have appealed to James's tastes. As trends in the world of the novel moved increasingly towards subjectivity, James's views and, more importantly, modern ideas on the novel in general, assured that Trollope would remain obscure for decades. In the forties some attempts were made to resurrect Trollope; he enjoyed a brief critical Renaissance in the sixties; and again in the nineties. Critics today are particularly interested in Trollope's portrayal of women &mdash; which caused remark even in his own day for its remarkable insight and sensitivity to the inner conflicts caused by the constrained position of women in Victorian society. But the understanding that critics find largely in Trollope's portrayal of women, readers find in Trollope's portrayals of human beings in general. Trollope's sales amongst readers have never waned.

A Trollope Society flourishes in the UK.

Trollope on television
The British Broadcasting Corporation has made several television drama serials based on the works of Anthony Trollope:

The Pallisers, a 26-episode adaptation of all six Palliser novels, first broadcast in 1974. Adapted by Simon Raven; starred Philip Latham as Plantagenet Palliser.

The Barchester Chronicles, an eight-episode adaptation of the first two Barset novels, The Warden and Barchester Towers. Adapted by Alan Plater; starred Donald Pleasence as the Reverend Septimus Harding, Nigel Hawthorne as Archdeacon Grantly, and Alan Rickman as the Reverend Obadiah Slope.

The Way We Live Now, a four-episode adaptation of the novel of the same name. Adapted by Andrew Davies; starred David Suchet as Auguste Melmotte and Matthew Macfadyen as Sir Felix Carbury.

All three have been shown in the United States on PBS; The Pallisers in its own right, and The Barchester Chronicles and The Way We Live Now as part of Masterpiece Theatre.

A dramatization of He Knew He Was Right in four 60-minute episodes began on April 18 2004 on BBC ONE.

Trollope on radio
The BBC commissioned a four part radio adaptation of the fifth novel of The Barchester Chronicles (The Small House at Allington) which was broadcast in 1993. The response of listeners was so positive, that adaptations of the five remaining novels of the series were commissioned and the complete series broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between December 1995 and March 1998. Additionally, Derek Jacobi starred in a dramatisation of The Kellys and the O'Kelly's

The Pallisers, a new 12-part adaptation of the Pallisers novels, was broadcast on Radio 4 from January to April 2004, in the weekend Classic Serial slot.

Barsetshire series

 * The Warden (1855)
 * Barchester Towers (1857)
 * Doctor Thorne (1858)
 * Framley Parsonage (1861)
 * The Small House at Allington (1864)
 * The Last Chronicle of Barset (1867)

Pallisers series

 * Can You Forgive Her? (1864)
 * Phineas Finn (1869)
 * The Eustace Diamonds (1873)
 * Phineas Redux (1874)
 * The Prime Minister (1876)
 * The Duke's Children (1879)

other

 * The Macdermots of Ballycloran (1847)
 * The Kellys and the O'Kellys (1848)
 * La Vendee (1850)
 * The Three Clerks (1858)
 * The West Indies and the Spanish Main (1859)
 * The Bertrams (1859)
 * Castle Richmond (1860)
 * Tales of All Countries--1st Series (1861)
 * Tales of All Countries--2nd Series (1863)
 * Tales of All Countries--3rd Series (1870)
 * Orley Farm (1862)
 * North America (1862)
 * Rachel Ray (1863)
 * Miss Mackenzie (1865)
 * The Belton Estate (1866)
 * The Claverings (1867)
 * Nina Balatka (1867)
 * Linda Tressel (1868)
 * He Knew He Was Right (1869)
 * Brown, Jones, and Robinson (1870)
 * The Vicar of Bullhampton (1870)
 * An Editor's Tales (1870)
 * Caesar (Ancient Classics) (1870)
 * Sir Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite (1871)
 * Ralph the Heir (1871)
 * The Golden Lion of Granpere (1872)
 * Australia and New Zealand (1873)
 * Harry Heathcote of Gangoil (1874)
 * Lady Anna (1874)
 * The Way We Live Now, (1875)
 * The American Senator (1877)
 * Is He Popenjoy? (1878)
 * South Africa (1878)
 * John Caldigate (1879)
 * An Eye for an Eye (1879)
 * Cousin Henry (1879)
 * Thackeray (1879)
 * Life of Cicero (1880)
 * Ayala's Angel (1881)
 * Doctor Wortle's School (1881)
 * Frau Frohmann and other Stories (1882)
 * Lord Palmerston (1882)
 * The Fixed Period (1882)
 * Kept in the Dark (1882)
 * Marion Fay (1882)
 * Mr. Scarborough's Family (1883)

Quotations
"Of all novelists in any country, Trollope best understands the role of money. Compared with him even Balzac is a romantic." W. H. Auden