User:Antmcleod95/sandbox

During Precolonial times Igbo women held significant social and political standings while still second to men, this allowed them to engage and influence the politics of their village in some shape or form. During colonization however, the idea of excluding women from political settings and activities, despite resistance, grew among the Igbo people.The missionaries who had come to the region had begun to change the role of women in the Igbo society as their purpose was to train the women to be good Christian Wives and Mothers first and foremost. These Christian values also prohibited the use of Pagan rituals which included the Mikiri, taking away the one way in which Igbo women would traditionally engage in Politics and created a form of invisibility that denied them any way to air their grievances. Politics were seen as Men's realm and any women who could engage was seen as having the "brain of a man" which was very rare. Schooling became a huge part of Igbo life as well but young girls were often not sent and those that did go were often not given the same education as their male counterparts. The missionaries were not against women in politics as many supported women's suffrage, but in Africa the church was the biggest priority was creating Christian Families which required women to be mothers and wives and not politicians. By altering the social institutions it negatively affected women's rights and status in society by de-legitimizing their means of influence. The criminalization of the tactic Mikiri was not necessarily deliberate, as colonists were naïve of the functions and implications of the practice as they were socialized with a Victorian ideology which had no place for women to engage in politics. Unfortunately, by disturbing women's means of balancing power, colonialism detrimentally effected Igbo gender relations and societal structures. Women no longer had the ability to affect the way that trade was preformed or even defend themselves against any form of abuse enacted from the men of their villages. This left many Igbo women in a vulnerable state of subservience and created a society where their traditional roles came undone.


 * consequences (yung yumi)
 * support (Dominique)
 * historical context (Anthony)
 * Criticism (Cristo)
 * policy (Harrison)

Enforcement with Consequences

Bush Administration

The Bush administration was historically the first to begin with Enforcement with Consequence policies that are used today. Before 2005 when the policy was beginning to be implemented, border patrol had been using a technique labeled "Catch and Release" which allowed for illegal immigrants who had been apprehended to immediately try to reenter. The Bush Administration originally had the plan to make a long lasting relationship with Mexico in order to streamline the process of bringing in cheap manual labor to be used in the country. During 2005 this stance had radically changed however and the beginning of using the US law as consequence for illegal entry had begum. The house bill written and proposed by James Sensenbrenner began to crack down harder and gave more offenses to aiding illegal immigrants, this included helping or and illegal, knowingly hiring an illegal and being in the country illegally. The bill was passed on December 16, 2005 and made many of these offenses punishable with Jail time. This bill created an outcry by pro immigration however and led to many demonstrations and rallies condemning the bill. This prompted many Democratic senators to begin working on a "grand bargain" which created a more balanced approach to immigration while not excluding Republican ideas outright. Immigration based on Merit (Education, Experiences and land needs), rather than family reunification was discussed. During this time Congressman Tom Tancredo (Republican-Colorado) began to voice his opinion that immigration had begun to change the way that American culture was valued. In the end the Bush administration failed in its original plan to build a relationship with Mexico and was the start of hard consequences for illegal immigration in the country.

Obama Administration

The Obama Administration had campaigned with a promise to address and reform the immigration System but after entering into office this idea fell to the wayside in favor of other issues plaguing American Society. In June 2012 he created the important program to help those who had entered illegally called The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or the DACA program for short, it focused on children who entered illegally against their wills and faced many hardships as a result. DACA provided protection from deportation and allowed for work authorization to young adults. It has proven to be overall successful and helped hundreds of thousands to thrive in the US, it is unfortunately constantly under threat however because of bi-partisan legislation and as a result remains under attack. The Administration is also known to have the highest deportation records of any administration and is responsible for the incarceration of millions of illegal migrants. The administration wanted to focus more on Illegal immigrants that had were a threat to society and had records. Large scale work-site raids used by the Bush Administration was done away with and a focus on investigations and penalization of employers was used instead. As a result of this stance The Fugitive Operations Act had also undergone changes so that the limited resources that were allocated to this process focused on the most dangerous fugitives and not the easiest ones. Also during this time there was a huge influx of Central American refugees who arrived at the border seeking asylum and protection and as a result the Obama Administration treated it more as an enforcement problem rather than a humanitarian problem faced by the refugees, As a result poorly constructed detention centers were created to house and deter anymore refugees from coming to the border. Most were not given fair trails or access to attorneys and the entire system was rushed creating a large number of deported individuals sent back to some of the most unstable areas in the world.

Trump Administration

The Trump Administration has followed the idea of economic nationalism and as such has created an idea of America First with an emphasis on protection American workers and Industries. The policies put in place have made it extremely difficult to enter the US as an immigrant or refugee. Bans on many areas have been into place in order to restrict the amount of refugees and asylum seekers, increasing screening of refugees while cutting staff and resources to do so and work to end the DACA program were enacted in order to get a hold on refugee and migrant movement. Many of the same policies and actions used by the Obama Administration are still used such as detention centers and little to no support in the legal arena for these migrants. The focus on building the wall has also created a spotlight on the Mexican border making it even harder for illegal migrants to enter the country. Trump as also closed the border in 2018 hoping to deter people from trying to enter, but the number of asylum seeking refugees has only increased.

Support

Trump admin calls for local police and law enforcement to join with federal immigration enforcement to create a large crackdown on removing undocumented immigrants. The intended goal is to create a relationship between law enforcement and communities so that citizens are willing to help immigration authorities and come forward with suspected undocumented status of those in the community.

The US Immigration and Customs enforcement describes this program to be a way to remove threats to safety and security by working with the FBI and Department of Homeland security to utilize arrest records and fingerprint records and checking them against immigration fingerprint records. This is intended to find those illegal immigrants with a criminal record or outstanding arrest warrant, but also those who are in the United States illegally. The intention is not to create new laws or policies against illegal immigrants, only to more strictly enforce current law.

Attrition through enforcement is an idea that allows the identification and removal of illegal immigrants without the intervention of immigration enforcement. This program requires compliance from local agencies to be strict about making sure social security numbers are attained and used appropriately, visas are in status, and that it is difficult for illegal immigrants to hide their illegal status.