User:Antyrahdeguzman/sandbox

Original- “Halobacterium”

Description and significance
Halobacteria are halophilic microorganisms, which means they grow in extremely high-salinity environments. They can act as a model for some aspects of eukaryotic biologies, such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Comparing a halophile genome to that of other prokaryotes should give insight into microbial adaptation to extreme conditions.

Edit- “Halobacterium”

Significance and applications
Halobacteria are halophilic microorganisms that are currently being studied for their uses in scientific research and biotechnology. They can act as model systems for some aspects of eukaryotic and bacterial processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation. For instance, genomic sequencing of the Halobacterium species NRC-1 revealed their use of eukaryotic RNA polymerases and translational machinery that are related to Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. The ability of this Halobacterium species to be easily cultured and genetically modified allows it to be used as model organisms in biological studies. Furthermore, Halobacterium NRC-1 has also been employed as a vector for delivering vaccines. In particular, they produce gas vesicles that can display epitopes of various pathogens in order to start an immune response in the body. Additionally, because of the property of Halobacteria to require a high-salt environment, the isolation of these gas vesicles is inexpensive and efficient, needing only tap water to lyse the cells.

Halobacteria also contain a protein called Bacteriorhodopsins which are light-driven proton pumps found on the cell membrane. Although most proteins in halophiles need high salt concentrations for proper structure and functioning, this protein has shown potential to be used for biotechnological purposes because of its stability even outside of these extreme environments. Bacteriorhodopsins isolated from Halobacterium salinarum have been especially studied for their use in electronics and optics. Examples of these uses are as holographic memory storage, optical switches, and molecular sensors.

Significance and applications
Halobacteria are halophilic microorganisms that are currently being studied for their uses in scientific research and biotechnology. For instance, genomic sequencing of the Halobacterium species NRC-1 revealed their use of eukaryotic-like RNA polymerase II and translational machinery that are related to Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, they possess genes for DNA replication, repair, and recombination that are similar to those present in bacteriophages, yeasts, and bacteria. The ability of this Halobacterium species to be easily cultured and genetically modified allows it to be used as a model organism in biological studies. Furthermore, Halobacterium NRC-1 have also been employed as a potential vector for delivering vaccines. In particular, they produce gas vesicles that can be genetically engineered to display specific epitopes. Additionally, the gas vesicles demonstrate the ability to function as natural adjuvants to help evoke stronger immune responses. Because of the requirement of Halobacteria for a high-salt environment, the preparation of these gas vesicles is inexpensive and efficient, needing only tap water for their isolation.

Halobacteria also contain a protein called Bacteriorhodopsins which are light-driven proton pumps found on the cell membrane. Although most proteins in halophiles need high salt concentrations for proper structure and functioning, this protein has shown potential to be used for biotechnological purposes because of its stability even outside of these extreme environments. Bacteriorhodopsins isolated from Halobacterium salinarum have been especially studied for their applications in electronics and optics. Particularly, bacteriorhodopsins have been used in holographic storage, optical switching, motion detection, and nanotechnology. Although numerous uses of this protein have been presented, there are yet to be any high-scale commercial applications established at this time.