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Tree outside forest

Introduction
Forest resources in Nepal have long also been recognized as individual’s private property, which is loosely called private forest. The Forest Act of 1993 now recognizes forest grown on privately owned land as private forest, and there is no area limit. THE PRIOR SENTENCE AND THE FIRST SENTENCE CONTRADICT Private forests are an integral part of agricultural life in rural Nepal as many people grow trees on small, often barren and marginal plots of land. THIS LAST SENTENCE SEEMS TO ME TO BE A BETTER FIRST SENTENCE FOR THE PARAGRAPH -- BUT YOU NEED ANOTHER PHRASE THEN SUCH AS "but this private forest ownership is a recent right for common villagers."

AS A RESULT OF THE NEW POLICY trees are NOW planted on public and private lands to generate forest resources. THESE ARE CARED FOR AND MANAGED BY users grow each crops and non-timber forest products for immediate income. Income from the cash crops OF NON-TIMBER PRODUCTS aRE fully enjoyed by users and benefits from the harvesting of the tree species is shared between users and respective land owners. Mostly Dalits, poor and landless communities are involved in public land forest activities, whereas, private forests owned by communities who holds the land. Thus, public land forest program has proved as complementary model to all existing forest management modalities in Tarai MISPELLED -- AND CREATE LINK TO THAT WIKI SITE region with utilizing fallow land in leasing arrangement to forest development and contribute economic change to marginalized and landless people.

Non Timber forest product
A non-timber forest product (NTFP) is any commodity obtained from the forest that does not necessitate harvesting trees. It includes game animals, fur-bearers, nuts, seeds, berries, mushrooms, oils, foliage, medicinal plants, peat, fuelwood, forage, etc. Products are commonly grouped into categories such as floral greens, decoratives, medicinal plants, foods, flavours and fragrances, fibres, and saps and resins.Other terms synonymous with non-timber forest products include special forest products, non-wood forest products, minor forest products, alternative forest products and secondary forest products. These terms are useful because they help highlight forest products that are of value to local people and communities, but have often been overlooked in the wake of forest management priorities such as timber production and animal forage. In recent decades interest has grown in using NTFP as an alternative or supplement to forest management practices such as clear-cut logging. In some forest types, and under the right political and social conditions, forests could be managed to increase NTFP diversity, and consequently increase biodiversity and potentially economic diversity.

History of Forest Management
Nepal is well known for its long history of community based forest management, in particular to community forestry model in the hills. Despite this success, the uneven distribution of forest resources in the Terai (lowlands), poor and marginalized communities in the central Terai districts do have very limited access to forest resources. This is particularly because of the limited national and community forests along the ‘’’Churia’’’ range. As a consequence, people from southern area of Terai living far away from the forests are excluded from forest resources and benefits. Realizing the need to increasing access to forest resources in the southern Terai, particularly for communities who are residing far away from the forest resources, Government of Nepal envisioned the policy of promoting private and public lands forestry program. Forest Management Modality (Tree outside Forest) is important part of landscape. Importantly, these trees as part of traditional agro forestry system are providing important source of income, particularly for poor and marginalized communities. This traditional agro forestry model becomes more important in recent days when climate change become a global agenda. What is the role of tree outside forest in the climate change adaptation or how are communities dealing with tree outside forest can be major question that can be deal with when we are talking in context of Nepal. Forest user groups are new social institutions in village Nepal. Traditional social institutions in rural Nepal are often caste bound and exclude women from decision-making outside of the home. Forest user groups were conceptually developed as egalitarian organizations, where all forest users, regardless of caste, gender, or economic status, would have an equal say in the decision-making process.

The public land agro forestry model mostly focus on landless, poor and marginalized communities living below the poverty line. Public and private agro forestry practice in the central Terai has been very successful in generating income for poor and marginalized communities while increasing access to forest resources. One of the most controversial issues in the management of multifunctional forests around the world has been the simplification of forest structure and composition as a part of intensive wood production

Forest User Group
Forest user groups are new social institutions in village Nepal. Traditional social institutions in rural Nepal are often caste bound and exclude women from decision-making outside of the home. Forest user groups were conceptually developed as egalitarian organizations, where all forest users,regardless of caste, gender, or economic status, would have an equal say in the decision-making process. Elected members of the user group’s executive committee are to represent all settlements included in the community forest, as well as women, caste groups, and members of disadvantaged community groups.

World Scenario of Forest
Forests cover approximately 30% of the world's land surface; harbor most of the global terrestrial biodiversity; and provide critical ecosystem services, such as climate regulation and protection of soil and water resources The different and often contradictory societal expectations for forests have led to many conflicts over their use. Although the proportions of both plantations and reserves are likely to increase. , most of the global forest estate will continue to play a multifunctional role, in which attempts are made to balance human commodity needs with the production of other goods and services, including the habitat needs of forest-dependent organisms. More than 2 billion hectares of the world's forests (around 55% of all forest area) are managed as production forests or used to extract multiple values Most private and public forest owners will need to manage forests to supply ecosystem services simultaneously with the production of revenue from forest products to help pay for that management.

Summary
Forest user groups are new social institutions in village Nepal. Traditional social institutions in rural Nepal are often caste bound and exclude women from decision-making outside of the home. Forest user groups were conceptually developed as egalitarian organizations, where all forest users, regardless of caste, gender, or economic status, would have an equal say in the decision-making process. Almost six hundred landless and poor households are involved in managing 400 hectare of public lands. A recent baseline assessment on public and private land agro forestry shows that there is clear possibility of up-scaling this model since there are many fragmented public land available in the central Tarai districts. The assessment report also reveals that the practice of public land forestry not only provides community income for their subsistence livelihoods but also plays significant role in addressing the issue of social inclusion and gender.

Despite all these promising result from public and private land agro forestry, many important research challenges remain for tree outside forest in addition to the analysis of possible thresholds for ecological responses. Expanding our knowledge of the effects of tree outside forest on harvesting on ecosystem functions, such as the hydrologic regime and nutrient dynamics, is among the most urgent. This includes a better understanding of belowground structures; processes; and organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, decomposers, and other functional groups. Such knowledge is needed in order to quantify the effects of tree outside forest on various key ecosystem processes and thereby to develop a more comprehensive understanding of this relatively novel forestry system. Such insights are also required to evaluate the tradeoffs of various maintenance strategies among economic, social, and ecological benefits and to develop approaches that can optimize these benefits.