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Institutional Racism
Institutionalized racism is a form of racism that is a part of society. It can be both implicit and explicit in expression and is when a certain group is targeted and discriminated against based upon race. These groups can experience racism in both social and political institutions of society such as, but not limited to, disparities regarding employment, real estate and housing, health care, political power, incarceration rates, and education. Institutional racism can go unnoticed as it is not always explicit and can be overlooked. Institutional racism was defined by Macpherson in the 1999 report concerning the death of Stephen Lawrence. Macpherson defines institutional racism as: ‘the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture of ethnic origin."[2]

-Race and health in the United States

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-Institutional racism

Reference Sources for Institutional Racism page

Blank, Owen. Institutional Racism in America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1970. Print.

Catsam, Derek. "The Comparative Imagination: GEORGE FREDRICKSON AND NEW DIRECTIONS IN COMPARATIVE AND TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY." Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Comparative Studies 21 (2006). University of Texas of the Permian Basin. Web. .

Chambers, Cheryl L. Drug Laws and Institutional Racism the Story Told by the Congressional Record. El Paso: LFB Scholarly Pub. LLC, 2010. Print.

Frymer, Paul. Black and Blue African Americans, the Labor Movement, and the Decline of the Democratic Party. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008. Print.

Randall, Vernellia R. "What Is Institutional Racism?" What Is Institutional Racism? 3 July 2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. .