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Visual Background Complexity Facilitates the Evolution of Camouflage.

Cognition and the evolution of camouflage

Masquerade = mimesis

Surface disruption. This involves the use of non-marginal markings to create ‘false edges’ that are more salient than the true body form. (Check Stevens M, Winney IS, Cantor A, Graham J. 2009 Outline and surface disruption in animal

camouflage. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 781–786. (doi:10. 1098/rspb.2008.1450))

Stevens M, Marshall KLA, Troscianko J, Finlay S, Burnand D, Chadwicka SL. 2013 Revealed by conspicuousness: distractive markings reduce rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Proc. R. Soc. B 283: 201528906camouflage. Behav. Ecol. 24, 213–222. (doi:10.1093/beheco/ars156)

18. Troscianko J, Lown AE, Hughes AE, Stevens M. 2013 Defeating crypsis: detection and learning of camouflage strategies. PLoS ONE 8, e73733. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073733)

A recent comparative morphological analysis of the wing patterns of Kallima butterflies provides some support for the former (It has been suggested that masquerading species evolved from cryptic ancestors, by successive gradual increases in the resemblance to an inedible object) : their leaf-like wing patterns evolved in a gradual manner from ancestors that did not resemble leaves

Suzuki TK, Tomita S, Sezutsu H. 2014 Gradual and contingent evolution of leaf mimicry in butterfly wing patterns. BMC Evol. Biol. 14, 229. (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0229-5) chooses

Very demanding perceptual tasks, such as detecting camouflaged prey or dealing with a cluttered visual field, take up a lot of bandwidth, so attentional filters are an essential feature of any complex visual system. Predators must decide where to look for prey, what visual features to focus on, and how long to persist in searching, and they must be able to revise their decisions rapidly on the basis of recent experiences of success and failure.

Moreover, evidence from other taxa suggests that certain other behaviours can enhance individual camouflage, such as re-positioning of body orientation in bark-resting moth

Behaviour
P. erhardii chooses backgrounds that match their colour to enhance camouflage against avian predators in their natural habitat.