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INDIAN POLICE ORGANIZATION

Introduction

1.	The Indian Police Service or IPS is one of the All India Services of the Government of India. It replaced the Indian (Imperial) Police in 1948, a year after India gained independence from Britain. 2.	The First Police Commission, appointed on 17 August 1865, contained detailed guidelines for the desired system of police in India and defined the police as a governmental department to maintain order, enforce the law, and to prevent and detect crime. The Indian Police Service is not a force itself but a service providing leaders and commanders to staff the state police and all-India Central Armed Police Forces. Its members are the senior officers of the police. With the passage of time Indian Police Service's objectives were updated and redefined, the current rules and functions of an Indian Police Service Officer are as follows:- (a)	To fulfill duties based on border responsibilities, in the areas of maintenance of public peace and order, crime prevention, investigation, and detection, collection of intelligence, VIP security, counter-terrorism, border policing, railway policing, tackling smuggling, drug trafficking, economic offences, corruption in public life, disaster management, enforcement of socio-economic legislation, bio-diversity and protection of environmental laws etc. (b)	Leading and commanding the Indian Intelligence Agencies like Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Bureau of Investigations (CBI), Criminal Investigation Department (CID) etc., Indian Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Civil and Armed Police Forces in all the states and union territories. (c)	Leading and commanding the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) which include the Central Police Organizations (CPO) and Central Paramilitary Forces (CPF) such as Border Security Force (BSF),Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), National Security Guard (NSG), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Vigilance Organizations, Indian Federal Law Enforcement Agencies. (d)	Serve at head of the departments in policy making in the Ministries and Departments of Central and State Governments and public sector undertakings both at centre and states, Government of India. (e)	To interact and coordinate closely with the members of other All India Services and with the elite Indian Revenue Service and also with the Indian Armed Forces primarily with the Indian Army. (f)	Last but not the least, to lead and command the force with courage, uprightness, dedication and a strong sense of service to the people. (g)	Endeavour to inculcate in the police forces under their command such values and norms as would help them serve the people better. (h)	Inculcate integrity of the highest order, sensitivity to aspirations of people in a fast-changing social and economic milieu, respect for human rights, broad liberal perspective of law and justice and high standard of professionalism.

History

3.	Prior to Independence, senior police officers belonging to the Imperial Police (IP) were appointed by the Secretary of State on the basis of a competitive examination. The first open civil service examination for admission to the service was held in England in June 1893 and the ten top candidates were appointed as probationers in the Indian (Imperial) Police. It is not possible to pinpoint an exact date on which the Indian Police came formally into being. Around 1907, the Secretary of State's officers were directed to wear the letters "IP" on their epaulettes in order to distinguish them from the other officers not recruited by the Secretary of State through examination. In this sense, 1907 could be regarded as the starting point. In 1948, a year after India gained independence; the Imperial Police was replaced by IPS.

Cadre strength 4.	The authorized cadre strength of Indian Police Service is 4720. (3270 Direct Recruitment Posts and 1450 Promotional Posts). Posted 20 December 2012 Vol 3 Issue 50

Selection 5.	IPS officers are recruited from the state police cadres and from the rigorous Civil Services Examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission every year. Due to an ongoing shortage of police officers in India, the Ministry of Home Affairs proposed the creation of an Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination to be conducted by UPSC. 6.	The Civil Services Examination has a three stage competitive selection process. At stage one, there is an objective type examination called the preliminary exam. This is a qualifying examination. It consists of a General Studies paper and an aptitude test. Only the candidates who pass this can appear for the "Main Examination" which consists of nine papers. Each candidate has to select an optional subject (one paper) and to take six General Studies papers, an Essay, an English language paper and a regional language paper. This is followed by an interview. 7.	After selection for the IPS, candidates are allocated to a cadre. There is one cadre in each Indian state, with the exception of three joint cadres: Assam-Meghalaya, Manipur-Tripura, and Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram-Union Territories (AGMUT). Two-thirds of the strength of every cadre is filled directly by IPS officers and the remaining are promoted from the respective states cadre officers.

Ranks of the IPS

8.	All State Police Services officers of and above the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) or Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in State Police and Metropolitan Police forces respectively. 9.	National Emblem above One star above Crossed Sword and Baton, Director Intelligence Bureau (Government of India). 10.	National Emblem above Crossed Sword and Baton, Commissioners of Police (State) or Director Generals of Police, States and territories of India (a)	Director Generals, Indian Intelligence agencies (b)	Director Generals, Indian Federal law enforcement agencies (c)	Director Generals, Central Armed Police Forces (d)	Secretary(ies) (R), Cabinet Secretariat, (Government of India) (e)	Special Commissioners of Police or Additional Director Generals of 			Police, States and territories of India, Special or Additional Director 				Generals, Indian Intelligence agencies (Government of India), Special or 			Additional Director Generals, Indian Federal law enforcement 				agencies (Government of India),Special or Additional Director 				Generals, Central Armed Police Forces (Government of India), Special or 			Additional Secretar(ies) (R), Cabinet Secretariat (Government of India) (f)	One Star above Crossed Sword and Baton, Additional Commissioners of Police or Inspector-Generals of Police, States and territories of India, Joint Directors or Inspector-Generals, Indian Intelligence agencies (Government of India), Joint Directors or Inspector-Generals, Indian Federal law enforcement agencies (Government of India), Joint Directors or Inspector-Generals, Central Armed Police Forces (Government of India), Joint Secretar(ies) (R), Cabinet Secretariat, (Government of India) (g)	National Emblem above three stars in a triangle, Joint Commissioners of Police or Deputy Inspector Generals of Police, States and territories of India, Directors or Deputy Inspector-Generals, Indian Intelligence agencies (Government of India), Directors or Deputy Inspector-Generals, Indian Federal law enforcement agencies (Government of India), Directors or Deputy Inspector-Generals, Central Armed Police Forces (Government of India), Director(s) (R), Cabinet Secretariat, (Government of India) (h)	National Emblem above two stars, Deputy Commissioner of Police (Selection grade) or Senior Superintendent of Police in selection grade with 13+ years of service (IPS officers posted in insurgency infested states such as J&K also wear this rank before 13 years of service to facilitate coordination and interaction with Commanding Officers of paramilitary and the Indian Army.[13] Deputy Secretary(ies) (R), Cabinet Secretariat, (Government of India), Other officers above selection grade, Commandants in Central Armed Police Forces (Government of India) (i) National Emblem above one-star, Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police, Under Secretary(ies) (R), Cabinet Secretariat, (Government of India), Commandant of State Armed Police Battalion, Other officer on Junior Administrative Grade with between 9 and 13 years service, Second-in-Command in Central Armed Police Forces (Government of India) (j) National Emblem, Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police, Other officers on senior time scale with 9 years service or less, Deputy Commandants of Central Armed Police Forces (Government of India) (k) Three stars, Assistant Commissioner of Police or Assistant Superintendent of Police, Circle Officer (CO) in the states of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, Sub-Divisional Police Officer (SDPO), Assistant Commandant Central Armed Police Forces (Government of India) (l)	Two stars, Assistant Superintendent of Police, Indian Police Service officer probationary rank on 2nd year of service (m)	One-star, Assistant Superintendent of Police, Indian Police Service officer probationary rank on 1st year of service

Reforms 11.	India's police continue to be governed by an archaic and colonial police law passed in 1861. The Indian Constitution makes policing a state subject and therefore the state governments have the responsibility to provide their communities with a police service. However, after independence, most have adopted the 1861 Act without change, while others have passed laws heavily based on the 1861 Act. 12.	The need for reform of police in India has been long recognized. There has been almost 30 years of debate and discussion by government created committees and commissions on the way forward for police reform, but India remains saddled with an outdated and old-fashioned law, while report after report gathers dust on government bookshelves without implementation. Many committees on police reforms have recommended major reforms in the police system coupled with systematic accountability.

National Police Commission (1977-81) 13.	National Police Commission was the first committee set up by the Indian government to report on policing. The National Police Commission began sitting in 1979, in the context of a post-Emergency India, and produced eight reports, including a Model Police Act, between 1979 and 1981.

Ribeiro Committee (1998-99) 14.	In 1996, two former senior police officers filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court, asking for the Court to direct governments to implement the recommendations of the National Police Commission. The Supreme Court directed the government to set up a committee to review the Commission's recommendations, and thus the Ribeiro Committee was formed. The Committee, under the leadership of J. F. Ribeiro, a former chief of police, sat over 1998 and 1999, and produced two reports.

Padmanabhaiah Committee (2000) 15.	In 2000, the government set up a third committee on police reform, this time under the stewardship of a former union Home Secretary, K. Padmanabhaiah. This Committee released its report in the same year. Soli Sorabjee Committee (2005) 16.	In 2005, the government put together a group to draft a new police Act for India. It was headed by Soli Sorabjee (former Attorney General). The committee submitted a Model Police Act to the union government in late 2006.

Supreme Court intervention (2006) 17.	In 1996, Prakash Singh (a former Directors General of Police of the states of Assam and subsequently Uttar Pradesh and finally Director General of the Border Security Force) initiated a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court of India, asking the court to investigate measures to reform the police forces across India to ensure the proper rule of law and improve security across India. The Supreme Court studied various reports on police reforms. Finally, in 2006, a bench of Justice Y.K. Sabharwal, Justice C.K. Thakker and Justice P.K. Balasubramanyan ordered the state governments to implement several reforms in police force. 18.	Several measures were identified as necessary to professionalize the police in India: (a)	A mid or high ranking police officer must not be transferred more 	frequently than every two years. (b)	The state government cannot ask the police force to hire someone, nor 	can they choose the Chief Commissioner. (c)	Three new authorities will be created in each state, to prevent political 	interference in the police and also to make the police accountable for their heavy-	handedness, which will include the creation of: (d)	A State Security Commission, for policies and direction. A Police 	Establishment Board, which will decide the selection, promotions and transfers of 	police officers and other staff. A Police Complaints Authority, to inquire into 	allegations of police misconduct.

Follow-up from Supreme Court 19.	In 2006, due to a lack of action by all the state governments, the Supreme Court ordered the state governments to report to it why the reform measures outlined were not implemented. After being questioned in front of the judges of the Supreme Court, the state governments are finally starting to reform the police forces and give them the operational independence they need for fearless and proper law enforcement. Tamil Nadu Police has been in the forefront of application of the new referendum. 20.	Again, in October 2012, a Supreme Court bench of Chief Justice Altamas Kabir and Justices SS Nijjar and Jasti Chelameswar asked all state governments and Union territories to inform about compliance of its September 2006 judgment. The order was passed when Prakash Singh through his lawyer Prashant Bhushan said that many of the reforms (ordered by the Supreme Court) have yet not been implemented by many state governments.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN POLICE FORCE 21.	Indian Police System is classified into two parts, The Central Armed Police Forces and Police force of respective states. The Central Armed Police Forces includes, Central Reserve Police Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Border Security Force, Indo- Tibetan Border Police, Assam Rifles, Railway Protection Force, Special Security Bureau.

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCE

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF STATE POLICE FORCE

Administration 22.         The Administration Directorate is functioning under the overall supervision of IG (Adm). He is assisted by DIG (Adm), DIG (Welfare), AD(Adm & Accts), and PRO. Personnel 23.         The Personnel Directorate is functioning under the overall supervision of IG (Pers). He is assisted by DIG (Pers), DIG (CR & Vig), DIG (Org), DIG (Estt), DIG(Law) and DIG (Rectt). Training 24.        The Training Directorate is functioning under the overall supervision of IG (Training). He is assisted by DIG (Training-I) and DIG (Training-II). Operations 25.        The Operations Directorate is functioning under the overall supervision of IG (OPS). He is assisted by DIG (OPS-I) and DIG (OPS-II). Provisioning 26.        The Provisioning Directorate is functioning under the overall supervision of IG (Provisioning). He is assisted by DIG (Prov) and DIG (MT/Ord) and Asstt. Director (Prov). Communication & Works 27.   IG (Establishment) is looking after the Communication & Works Dte. He is assisted by DIG (Comn), DIG (Eqpt ), DIG (Tech), DIG (IT) and DIG(Works). Finance 28.      The Finance Branch and Pay  is functioning under the Direct Supervision of FA. He is assisted by Dy.FA. Medical 29.   The Medical Branch is functioning under the overall supervision of IG/ Director (Medical). He is assisted by 2 CMO level officers.

Central Reserve Police 30.	The Central Reserve Police also known as CRPF is the largest of India's Central Armed Police Forces. It functions under the aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India. The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and contain insurgency. It came into existence as the Crown Representative's Police on 27 July 1939. After Indian Independence, it became the Central Reserve Police Force on enactment of the CRPF Act on 28 December 1949. 31.	Besides Law and Order and counter-insurgency duties, the role of CRPF in the General Elections, held repeatedly during the past few years, has been very significant and vital. This is especially true for the trouble-ridden states of J&K, Bihar and in the North East. During the Parliamentary elections of September 1999, the CRPF played a major role in the security arrangements. Of late, CRPF contingents are also being deployed in UN missions. With 228 battalions and various other establishments, the CRPF is considered India's largest paramilitary force.

Central Industrial Security Force 32.	It was set up under an Act of the Parliament of India on 10 March 1969 with a strength of 2,800. CISF was subsequently made an armed force of the Union of India by another Act of Parliament passed on 15 June 1983. Its current strength is 165,000. The strength will be raised to 200,000 over the next 2–3 years. CISF is the largest industrial security force in the world. It is directly under the federal Ministry of Home Affairs and its headquarters are at New Delhi. The CISF provides security cover to 300 industrial units and other establishments located all over India. Industrial sectors like atomic power plants, space installations, mints, oil fields and refineries, major ports, heavy engineering, steel plants, barrages, fertilizer units, airports and hydroelectric/thermal power plants owned and controlled by Central PSUs, and currency note presses producing Indian currency are protected by CISF. It thereby covers installations all over India straddling a variety of terrain and climatic conditions. CISF also provides consultancy services to private industries as well as other organisation within the Indian government. The consulting wing has amongst its clients some of the renowned business houses and organizations of India including TISCO, Jamshedpur; SEBI Hqrs. Mumbai; Vidhana Sabha, Bangalore; Orissa Mining Co., Bhubaneswar; AP Assembly, Hyderabad; Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corp.; HIL Kerala;IB Thermal plant, Odisa; IARI, Delhi; NBRI, Lucknow and Electronics City, Bangalore. The scope of CISF's consulting practice includes security consulting and fire protection consulting. 33.	CISF is just a unique organization in paramilitary forces for India, which works for sea ways, airways and some of the major installations in India. In CISF there are some reserved battalions which works with the state police to protect law and orders. CISF plays a major role in Disaster Management, for Disaster Management course the personnel are trained from NISA, Hyderabad. Another unique thing which CISF is having i.e., Fire Wing which helps during fire accidents in Industries where CISF is guarding

Border Security Force 34.	The Border Security Force (BSF) is a border guarding force of the Government of India. Established on 1 December 1965, it is one of the Central Armed Police Forces. Its primary role is to guard India's international borders during peacetime and also prevent trans border crime. Like all Central Armed Police Forces of India, the BSF is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is one of the many law enforcement agencies of India. From independence in 1947 to 1965, the protection of India's international boundaries was the responsibility of local police battalions belonging to each border state, with little interstate coordination. BSF is a paramilitary force charged with guarding India's land border during peace time and preventing transnational crime. It is a Union Government Agency under the administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs. It is one of many law enforcement agency of India. It currently stands as the world's largest border guarding force

Indo-Tibetan Border Police 35.	The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is an Indian force conceived on 24 October 1962 for security along the India's border with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, border covering 2115 kilometers. It is one of the Central Armed Police Forces. The first Director General of the ITBP was Late Sardar Balbir Singh. This was also his brain child along with his colleagues. 36.	Only four battalions were sanctioned to begin with, to fill up the security vacuum that was prevalent at that time on the Indo-Tibetan border. Later in view of the additional responsibilities and the task redefined in 1976, the Force was restructured in 1978. 37.	The ITBP is trained in Civil Medical Camp, disaster management, and nuclear, biological and chemical disasters. ITBP personnel have been deployed abroad in UN peacekeeping missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Haiti, Western Sahara, Sudan, Afghanistan and elsewhere. Sashastra Seema Bal 38.	It is one of India's Central Armed Police Forces. It is often referred to as a paramilitary force (although it is not one of the three officially defined paramilitary forces of India). It is currently under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. It was formerly known as the Special Service Bureau. 39.	 SSB (Special Service Bureau) was set up in early 1963 in the wake of the Sino-Indian War. The primary task of the force was to provide armed support for RAW. and secondary task was to inculcate feelings of national belonging in the border population and develop their capabilities for resistance through a continuous process of motivation, training, development, welfare programs and activities in the then NEFA, North Assam (northern areas of Assam state), North Bengal (northern areas of West Bengal state), hills of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Ladakh. 40.	 The scheme was later extended toManipur, Tripura, Jammu (1965), Meghalaya (1975), Sikkim (1976), border areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat (1989), Manipur, Mizoram and some more areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat (1988), South Bengal (southern areas of West Bengal state), Nagaland (1989) and Nubra Valley, Rajouri and Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir (1991). It was specifically created as the brainchild of Indian think tank to counter the Chinese. It was believed that militarily, the Chinese were superior to India and in the event of a war, the Chinese would overwhelm Indian forces. So in 1963 a unique force was created, which would in the event of Chinese occupation merge with the border population, donning civilian attire,working a parallel administration and carry out the war of India with the help of guerrilla tactics. The SSB came out to be successful which was evident by the success it achieved by training Mukti Bahini in Bangladesh and other places, COIN Op's in the north-east, and providing security at high peaks duringIndo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Kargil War.

Assam Rifles 41.	The Assam Rifles are one of the Paramilitary forces of India. The unit can trace its lineage back to a paramilitary police force that was formed under the British in 1835 called Cachar Levy. Since then the Assam Rifles have undergone a number of name changes before the name Assam Rifles was finally adopted in 1917. Over the course of its history, the Assam Rifles and its predecessor units have served in a number of roles, conflicts and theatres including World War I where they served in Europe and the Middle East, and World War II where they served mainly in Burma. In the post World War II period the Assam Rifles has expanded greatly as has its role. There are currently 46 battalions of Assam Rifles under the control of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and they perform many roles including the provision of internal security under the control of the army through the conduct of counter insurgency and border security operations, provision of aid to the civil power in times of emergency, and the provision of communications, medical assistance and education in remote areas. In times of war they can also be used as a combat force to secure rear areas if needed. Since 2002 it has been guarding the India-Myanmar border as per the government policy "one border one force" Deputation 42.	Police personnel can be send on deputation to the listed Special Security organizations:- (a)	Special Protection Group (b)	National Security Guards (c)	UN Peacekeeping Missions (d)	Intelligence . Training 43. The training of IPS officers is conducted at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (SVPNPA),Hyderabad. The duration of training is of two years, which also includes specialization of regional language of any particular state cadre. The IPS Officers are selected through Civil Services Examination conducted by UPSC once a year. 44.	The recruitment of CAPF officers is also assisted by UPSC through CPF examination once a year. The duration of training is one year and various Officer training academies for Central Armed Police Forces are listed below (a)	CISF- NISA Academy, Hyderabad (b)	CRPF- CRPF Academy, Gurgaon (c)	ITBP- ITBP Academy, Mussourie (d)	SSB- SSB Academy, Srinagar Garhwal (e)	ASSAM RIFLES- AR Academy, Kohima (f)	BSF- BSF Academy, Gwalior

References www.Itbp.Gov.In Dated 29 Sep 14 www.Bsf.Gov.In Dated 29 Sep 14 www.Crpf.Gov.In Dated 29 Sep 14 www.Cisf.Gov.In Dated 29 Sep 14 www.Defencetalk.Com www.Svbppa.Gov.In Dated 29 Sep 14 Wikipedia