User:Aquariusshadow/Japanese nuclear weapon program

World War II
=== '''The leading figure in the Japanese atomic program was Dr. Yoshio Nishina, a close associate of Niels Bohr and a contemporary of Albert Einstein. Nishina had co-authored the Klein–Nishina formula. Nishina had established his own Nuclear Research Laboratory to study high-energy physics in 1931 at RIKEN Institute (the Institute for Physical and Chemical Research), which had been established in 1917 in Tokyo to promote basic research.''' ===

=== '''Due to the German-Japanese alliance resulting from Germany's 4-Year-Plan, Japan and its military had already been pursuing nuclear science to catch up to the West in nuclear technology. This allowed for Nishina to introduce quantum mechanics to Japan. ''' ===

=== '''Nishina had built his first 26-inch (660 mm) cyclotron in 1936, and another 60-inch (1,500 mm), 220-ton cyclotron in 1937. In 1938 Japan also purchased a cyclotron from the University of California, Berkeley.''' ===

'''In the early summer of 1940 Nishina met Lieutenant-General Takeo Yasuda on a train. Yasuda was at the time director of the Army Aeronautical Department's Technical Research Institute. Nishina told Yasuda about the possibility of building nuclear weapons. However, the Japanese fission project did not formally begin until April 1941 when Yasuda acted on Army Minister Hideki Tōjō's order to investigate the possibilities of nuclear weapons. Yasuda passed the order down the chain of command to Viscount Masatoshi Ōkōchi, director of the RIKEN Institute, who in turn passed it to Nishina, whose Nuclear Research Laboratory by 1941 had over 100 researchers.'''

'''Before the Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Captain Yoji Ito of the Naval Technicial Research Institution of Japan initiated a study that would allow for the Japanese Navy to use nuclear fission. After consulting with Professor Sagane at Tokyo Imperial University, his research showed that nuclear fission would be a potential power source for the Navy.'''

B-Research
'''Meanwhile, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Technology Research Institute had been pursuing its own separate investigations, and had engaged professors from the Imperial University, Tokyo, for advice on nuclear weapons. This resulted in the formation of the Committee on Research in the Application of Nuclear Physics, chaired by Nishina, that met ten times between July 1942 and March 1943.'''

'''After the Japanese Navy lost at Midway, Captain Ito proposed a new type of nuclear weapons development designated as "B-Research" by the end of June 1942. By December, deep in the project, it became evident that "Japanese scientists even believed that even the United States might not be able to exploit atomic energy in time to influence the outcome of the war."'''

Ni-Go Project
'''The Army was not discouraged, and soon after the Committee issued its report it set up an experimental project at RIKEN, the Ni-Go Project. Its aim was to separate uranium-235 by thermal diffusion, ignoring alternative methods such as electromagnetic separation, gaseous diffusion, and centrifugal separation.'''

'''By Spring 1944, the Nishina Project barely made any progress due to needing sufficient amount of uranium hexafluoride for the Clusius Tube. The already provided uranium within the copper tube had corroded and any progress to separate U-235 isotopes proved to be beyond their capabilities.'''

On April 13, 1945, U.S. Allied forces set fire to the project's laboratory, effectively destroying the Clusius Tube and destroyed any chances of the Japanese producing an Atomic Bomb within reasonable time to influence the war in their favor and rival the West in nuclear weaponry.

F-Go Project
'''After Arakatsu and Nishina's meeting, in Spring 1944 the Army-Navy Technology Enforcement Committee formed due to lack of progress in the development of the Japanese Atomic Bomb. This led to the only meeting the leaders of the F-Go Project scientists held on July 21, 1945. After the meeting, nuclear weaponry research ended though the destruction the building that housed isotope separation research, building Forty-Nine.'''

'''Shortly after the surrender of Japan, the Manhattan Project's Atomic Bomb Mission, which had deployed to Japan in September, reported that the F-Go Project had obtained 20 grams a month of heavy water from electrolytic ammonia plants in Korea and Kyushu. In fact, the industrialist Jun Noguchi had launched a heavy water production program some years previously. In 1926 Noguchi founded the Korean Hydro Electric Company at Konan (now known as Hungnam) in north-eastern Korea: this became the site of an industrial complex producing ammonia for fertilizer production. However, despite the availability of a heavy-water production facility whose output could potentially have rivalled that of Norsk Hydro at Vemork in Norway, it appears that the Japanese did not carry out neutron-multiplication studies using heavy water as a moderator at Kyoto.'''