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An ootheca (pl. oothecae  ) is a type of egg mass made by any member of a variety of species (usually insects or mollusks).

The word is a Latinized combination of oo-, meaning "egg", from the Greek word ōon (cf. Latin ovum), and theca, meaning a "cover" or "container", from the Greek theke. Ootheke is Greek for ovary.

An ootheca usually contains many eggs surrounded by a foam of protein which then hardens into a tough casing for protection. Notable ootheca-making insects are the mantis and cockroach.

It is formed by secretion of collateral glands, over 16 fertilized eggs are arranged in 2 rows of 8 each. They are found in genital pouch of female cockroach or mantis. The production of ootheca convergently evolved across numerous insect species due to a selection for protection from parasites and other forms of predation, as the complex structure of the shell casing provides an evolutionary reproductive advantage (although fitness and lifespan also depend on other factors such as the temperature of the incubating ootheca).