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Prior to reciting Birkas Hamazon there is an obligation to wash ones hands. This washing is known as Mayim Achronim or “final waters”. Two reasons are described in the Talmud for this washing. The first is based on a passage at the very end of the eighth chapter of Brochos which finds an allusion in the Torah to the mitzvah of washing and anointing one's hands after the meal in order to clean and sanctify them before reciting Birkas Hamazon. The second source is a statement in Chullin which describes Mayim Achronim as an “obligation”. The Talmud goes on to explain that this obligation is as a result of the “Sodomite salt” which one may have touched with one's hands during the meal. This salt can blind a person if he touches his eyes, and because of this one must wash one's hands at the end of the meal.

Halachic reasons
Main article: Opinions of the Rishonim regarding the reasons for Mayim Achronim As mentioned above, the two reasons described in the Talmud for Mayim Achronim are:
 * To clean and sanctify ones hands from any food residue before reciting the blessing of Birkas Hamazon
 * To rid ones hands of the “sodomite salt” which can blind if introduced into the eyes

There are a number of passages in the Talmud and Medrash which emphasize the importance of Mayim Achronim and the negative consequences of not performing this Mitzvah.

Mystical reasons
Although both the abovementioned reasons appear to be of a practical nature, there are also mystical underpinnings to them. One of the opinions quoted in the Tur maintains that the need to wash the food residue from ones hands only applies to foods that are not fitting to be offered on the temple altar. He explains that only these foods contain “zuhamah”, spiritual negativity, which can contaminate the hands. Although we don’t not rule in favour of this opinion, and wash our hands after all foods, it indicates that there is also a spiritual implication to the issue of food residue. The Halacha also states that one may not pour the Mayim Achronim on the ground where people walk since it has “bad spirit” associated with it. Kaf Hachaim writes with reference to Mayim Achronim that “all the words of our Sages of blessed memory are based on Kabbalistic underpinnings, but they cloak them in simple terms to acclimatise the ear”. The Zohar explains that “after a person has eaten and enjoyed, he needs to give a portion of the residue to that “side”Sitrah, and what is this [portion]? Mayim Achronim”. Many other Poskim write about the importance of Mayim Achronim and the consequences of not doing it from a mystical standpoint

Applicability of these reasons in modern times
Tosfos write that it is not the custom today to perform Mayim Achronim since “sodomite salt” is not prevalent in our times. Furthermore, the fact that we do not anoint our hands with oil after washing implies that we do not embrace the passage in the Talmud which describes washing and sanctifying the hands prior to reciting the Brocha, since this was one of the processes described there. They do however write that if a person is fastidious and is particular to wash his hands after a meal, he may not recite Birkas Hamazon until he has done so. Mishna Berura adds that such a person may not recite any blessings during the meal if his hands are not clean. (The issue of clean hands would apply even if one is not reciting the bentching oneself, but is listening to another with the intention of being exempted. This is because of the principle of שומע כעונה, that if one listens with intention it is as if the words are coming from his own mouth. ). It is also correct to not recite any brocha when ones hands are soiled even if it does not disturb one that they are not clean. Rambam maintains that although we do not have “sodomite salt” in our times, we have other salt with similar dangers associated. Maharshal refers to this Rambam, and backs it up with the fact that Rambam was an expert in matters pertaining to health. Aruch Hashulchan writes that modern day sea salt does contain "sodomite salt". Aside from the reason of "Sodomite salt" and soiled hands, there is also strong reason to wash nowdays because of the mystical reason for Mayim Achronim. This reason would apply even if ones hands are completely clean and even if he ate with a knofe and fork or while wearing gloves. The Shla"h also writes that being particular with Mayim Rishonim and Achronim is one of the things that sanctifies a person. Aruch Hashulchan writes further that one should be very particular to wash Mayim Achronim even in modern times, that it is the custom of all G-d fearing people, and that one should educate the members of one's household to do so as well. Mishna Berura quotes many Poskim who maintain that Mayim Achronim remains in obligation even in modern times.

Obligation of women
Most women have the custom to not wash Mayim Achronim. This is because the halachic reason of "Sodomite salt" is not as relevent today, and the issue of unclean hands is also less relevent due to the use of cutlery. Moreover, women are generally not particular to observe those Halachos only rooted in Kabbalah. However,if a women notices that her hands are not clean she is obliged to wash them before reciting Birkas Hamazon

The water
It is preferable to use water for Mayim Achronim but if none is available one may use any liquid that cleanses the hands, excluding wine. One may not use hot water (above Yad soledes) for Mayim Achronim. Some opinions maintain that the water must be cold, but others disagree and hold that warm water is suitable. Consequently, in the absence of cold water one may use warm water. Water that was hot and has cooled down is suitable for Mayim Achronim. Many of the stringencies regarding water for Mayim Rishonim do not apply to Mayim Achronim. Consequently one may wash with water that has had work done with it, that has an unusual color or appearance or that is unfit for animal consumption. There is also no minimum quantity of water required for Mayim Achronim, unlike Mayim Rishonim which require a Revi'is. Some authorities disagree and maintain that a Revi'is is also required for Mayim Achronim.

Reciting a Brocha on Mayim Achronim
The custom is to not recite a brocha on Mayim Achronim. This is because the reason of "sodomite salt" is health related rather than a religious obligation, and the reason of having clean hands for Birkas Hamazon is not embraced today, evident by the fact that we do not anoint with oil.

Pouring
One should not dip ones hands into the Mayim Achronim, but should rather pour the water over them. Nevertheless one does not need human energy (koach gavrah) to propel the water as is required by Mayim Rishonim. One should point ones fingers downwards to allow the dirt to descend as well as for Kabbalistic reasons

Portion of hand to wash
One should wash the fingers of both hands from the tips until the second joint (and the first joint on the thumb), because this is the portion of the hand that is typically dirty from food. If they were dirty higher up ,one should wash there as well. The Vilna Gaon maintains that one must wash the entire length of the fingers until the point where they join the palm of the hand. Based on the mystical reasons for Mayim Achronim, Kaf Hachaim also writes that one should wash the entire length of the fingers, a total of fourteen digits. Mishna Berura laments the fact that many people simply place a few drops of water on the tips of the fingers, not meeting the most basic requirement of Mayim Achronim. Seder Hayom writes that it does not help to rub the water on ones fingers as this simply spreads the dirt, but that one should put sufficient water to remove the dirt from his fingers. A number of poskim do however encourage the use of as little water as possible for the reason mentioned above that the water is in fact nourishing the Sitrah Achrah. Kaf Hachaim writes that if ones hands are very dirty, one should first wash them with the intention of eating more, such that when one washes Mayim Achronim subsequently, one uses the minimum amount of water necessary.

The receptacle
One should wash Mayim Achronim into a vessel rather than onto the floor. If one does not have a vessel available one should not wash onto the floor where people walk because of the "bad spirit" that is associated with them which can cause harm to someone who passes over them. One may however wash onto the floor in a place where people will not pass before it dries such as under the table. Similarly one may wash them over absorbent material such as twigs etc. . Once they have been poured into a vessel, the Poskim discuss whether they still maintain the "bad spirit" and whether they can now be discarded casually. The Shl”ah is quoted as having said that one should wash Mayim Achronim into a vessel rather than onto the floor since it is the portion of the Sitra Achrah and should be given to him in a dignified way. Others mystical sources write that one should not wash Mayim Achronim into a container used for food or drink since the spiritual negativity can affect one who eats or drinks from it. There is a custom to remove or cover the water from the table before reciting Birkas Hamazon (source needed).

Drying hands afterwards
Some authorities hold that one does not need to dry ones hands after Mayim Achronim. Others maintain that one should. Consequently it is preferable to dry ones hands to fulfil all opinions.

Interruption between washing and Birkas Hamazon
One should not interrupt unnecesarily between Mayim Achronim and Birkas Hamazon even to speak words of Torah.

Protocols regarding washing
If a group of five or fewer people ate together, we give the Mayim Achronim to the leader first. This is in order to allow him time to review the Birkas Hamazon while the others are washing. Even if the other members of the group intend to recite Birkas Hamazon with him as is the custom today, he should still be given this "preparation time". This is because it is still correct for him to recite the blessings aloud while the others recite it quietly. Furthermore, he may need time to review the words of the Zimun invitation. If there are more than five diners, one should give the Mayim Achronim to the furthest member of the party. This is done to cause the senior member of the party minimal inconvenience while waiting for the others to wash. It also decreases the time interruption between when the leader washes and recites the Birkas Hamazon. When there remain only five people still needing to wash, the water should be given to the leader to allow him time to prepare as mentioned above. Other than the abovementioned protocols, there is no precedence in the order of washing, and by deferring to someone else one actualy shows disrespect as it implies that his hands are dirty. . Biur Halocha writes that it is ideal to provide a number of Mayim Achronim facilities nowdays since every member of the group bentches for themself and it can cause a significant time interuption between the washing and reciting Birkas Hamazon.

When water supply is limited
If one only has a small amount of water, he should wash Mayim Rishonim prior to the meal with the minimum permitted amount of one Revi'is to ensure that he has water for Mayim Achronim. If he only has one Revi'is of water he should wash only Mayim Rishonim since Mayim Achronim in our times is not such a strong obligation. Some opinions maintain that as with Mayim Rishonim, if one does not have sufficient water for Mayim Achronim he should not start a meal if water is available in the vicinity (four mil in the direction he is traveling and one mil in the direction from which he came). If there is none within this distance he should bentch without Mayim Achronim and when he encounters water he should wash to rid himself of the "Sodomite salt". . In such a case he should idealy wrap his hands with a cloth or the likes to ensure that his hands do not become soiled and that he does not come into contact with "Sodomit salt".