User:Arianaaaritelli/sandbox

= Final Draft = A distinction has been made between nurturant and non nurturant reproductive labor. Nurturant reproductive labor jobs include positions in childcare, domestic work, and healthcare. Non nurturant reproductive labor includes jobs in food preparation and cleaning. Minority men, specifically black and Hispanic men, makeup the majority of non nurturant reproductive laborers. Nurturant reproductive labor  jobs are more likely than non nurturant to have women fill the positions. There is a gendered division in nurturant labor. In healthcare men are likely to be seen as surgeons while women are likely to have the positions of medical assistants and RNs.

Evelyn Nakano Glenn provided the insight that reproductive labor was divided based on race and ethnicity, a pattern she called the "racial division of reproductive labor." This concept is is illustrated in the US by European immigrants first performed domestic work but after World War Two, Japanese were pressured into these positions of working for white families. There was an ideology produced that said Black and Latina women were “made” to be working and serving for white families as domestic workers. Saskia Sassen-Kobb explained that the economy shifting to service based, created a demand for immigrant women because of low wage jobs were made available in developed countries. These jobs drew a women workforce to them because of the low wage, they are viewed as “women’s jobs.” Drawing on the work of Glenn and Sassen-Kobb's work, Parrenas brought together Glenn's ideas about the racial division of reproductive labor and Sassen-Kobb's ideas about feminization and globalization and used them to analyze paid reproductive work.

The term international division of reproductive labor was coined by Rhacel Parrenas in her book, Servants of Globalization: Migrants and Domestic Work, where she discusses Filipino migrant domestic workers. The international division of reproductive labor involves a transfer of labor among three actors in a developed and developing country. It refers to three tiers: wealthier upper class women who use the migrants to take care of domestic work and the lower class who stay back home to watch the migrant’s children. The wealthier women in developed countries have entered the workforce at greater numbers which has led to them having more responsibilities inside and outside of the home. These women are able to hire help and use this privilege of race and class to transfer their reproductive labor responsibilities over to a less privileged woman. Migrant women maintain a hierarchy over their family members and other women who stay back to watch the migrant’s children. Parrenas’ research explains that the sexual division of labor remains in reproductive labor since women are the ones migrating to work as domestic workers in developed countries.

Parrenas argues that the international division of reproductive labor arose out of globalization and capitalism. Components of globalization including privatization and feminization of labor also contributed to the rise of this division of labor.She explains that globalization has led to reproductive labor to be commodified and demanded internationally. Sending countries are stuck with losing valuable labor while receiving countries take advantage of this labor to grow their economies. Parrenas highlights the role United States colonialism and the International Monetary Fund play in developing countries, such as the Philippines, becoming exporters of migrant workers. This explanation of the root of the concept is crucial because it explains that the financial inequalities the women across the three tiers face are rooted in the economy.

The concept has been expanded by others and applied to locations other than the Philippines where Parrenas conducted her research. In a study done in Guatemala and Mexico, instead of a global transfer of labor, a more local transfer was done between the women who work in the labor force and those other women relatives who take care of the children. A “new international division of reproductive labor” has said to have occurred in Singapore because of outsourcing and taking advantage of a low skilled labor force which has led to the international division of reproductive labor. In order to maintain a strong, growing economy in Southeast Asia, this transfer of reproductive labor is needed. In Singapore, hiring migrant help is a necessity to sustain the economy and the Singaporean woman’s status.

= Edited Draft = First paragraph will be in the definition section the rest are in the international division of reproductive labor section for the reproductive labor page.

A distinction has been made between nurturant and non nurturant reproductive labor. Nurturant reproductive labor jobs include positions in childcare, domestic work, and healthcare. Non nurturant reproductive labor includes jobs in food preparation and cleaning. Minority men, specifically black and Hispanic men, makeup the majority of non nurturant reproductive laborers. Nurturant reproductive labor  jobs are more likely than non nurturant to have women fill the positions. There is a gendered division in nurturant labor. In healthcare men are likely to be seen as surgeons while women are likely to have the positions of medical assistants and RNs.

The term international division of reproductive labor was coined by Rhacel Parrenas in her book, Servants of Globalization: Migrants and Domestic Work, where she discusses Filipino migrant domestic workers. The international division of reproductive labor involves a transfer of labor among three actors in a developed and developing country. Parrenas' concept builds on the work of Evelyn Glenn Nakano and Saskia Sassen-Kobb. Glenn provided the insight that reproductive labor was divided based on race and ethnicity, a pattern she called the "racial division of reproductive labor." This concept is is illustrated in the US by European immigrants first performed domestic work but after World War Two, Japanese were pressured into these positions of working for white families. There was an ideology produced that said Black and Latina women were “made” to be working and serving for white families as domestic workers. Sassen-Kobb explained that the economy shifting to service based, created a demand for immigrant women because of low wage jobs were made available in developed countries. These jobs drew a women workforce to them because of the low wage, they are viewed as “women’s jobs.” Drawing on the work of Glenn and Sassen-Kobb's work, Parrenas brought together Glenn's ideas about the racial division of reproductive labor and Sassen-Kobb's ideas about feminization and globalization and used them to analyze paid reproductive work.

The international division of reproductive labor refers to three tiers: wealthier upper class women who use the migrants to take care of domestic work and the lower class who stay back home to watch the migrant’s children. The wealthier women in developed countries have entered the workforce at greater numbers which has led to them having more responsibilities inside and outside of the home. These women are able to hire help and use this privilege of race and class to transfer their reproductive labor responsibilities over to a less privileged woman. Migrant women maintain a hierarchy over their family members and other women who stay back to watch the migrant’s children. Parrenas’ research explains that the sexual division of labor remains in reproductive labor since women are the ones migrating to work as domestic workers in developed countries.

Parrenas argues that the international division of reproductive labor arose out of globalization and capitalism. Components of globalization including privatization and feminization of labor also contributed to the rise of this division of labor.She explains that globalization has led to reproductive labor to be commodified and demanded internationally. Sending countries are stuck with losing valuable labor while receiving countries take advantage of this labor to grow their economies. Parrenas highlights the role United States colonialism and the International Monetary Fund play in developing countries, such as the Philippines, becoming exporters of migrant workers. This explanation of the root of the concept is crucial because it explains that the financial inequalities the women across the three tiers face are rooted in the economy.

The concept has been expanded by others and applied to locations other than the Philippines where Parrenas conducted her research. In a study done in Guatemala and Mexico, instead of a global transfer of labor, a more local transfer was done between the women who work in the labor force and those other women relatives who take care of the children. A “new international division of reproductive labor” has said to have occurred in Singapore because of outsourcing and taking advantage of a low skilled labor force which has led to the international division of reproductive labor. In order to maintain a strong, growing economy in Southeast Asia, this transfer of reproductive labor is needed. In Singapore, hiring migrant help is a necessity to sustain the economy and the Singaporean woman’s status.

= Working Rough Draft = A distinction has been made between nurturant and non nurturant reproductive labor. Nurturant reproductive labor jobs include positions in childcare, domestic work, and healthcare. Non nurturant reproductive labor includes jobs in food preparation and cleaning. Minority men, specifically black and Hispanic men, makeup the majority of non nurturant reproductive laborers. Nurturant reproductive labor  jobs are more likely than non nurturant to have women fill the positions. There is a gendered division in nurturant labor. In healthcare men are likely to be seen as surgeons while women are likely to have the positions of medical assistants and RNs.

DM NOTE: I'm not sure why you are starting with this point -- Will this be in the definition section? Are you planning to add anything to the lead paragraph?

The term international division of reproductive labor was coined by Rhacel Parrenas IN HER BOOKS - I SUGGEST A BROEF DEFINITEION BEFORE YOU GO INTO THE BACKGROUND PARRENAS CONCEPT BUILDS ON THE WORK OF Evelyn Glenn Nakano and Saskia Sassen-Kobb. Glenn explains a racial division of this labor. REWRITE PREVIOUS SENTENCE: MAYBE:  Glenn provided the insight that reproductive labor was divided based on race and ethnicity, a pattern she called the "racial division of reproductive labor." This concept is is illustrated in the US by..... European immigrants first performed domestic work but after World War Two, Japanese were pressured into these positions of working for white families. There was an ideology produced that said Black and Latina women were “made” to be working and serving for white families as domestic workers. Sassen-Kobb explained that the economy shifting to service based, created a demand for immigrant women because of low wage jobs were made available in developed countries. These jobs drew a women workforce to them because of the low wage, they are viewed as “women’s jobs.” ADD A SENTENCE EXPLAINING HOW THESE TWO SET THE GROUNDWORK FOR PARRENAS.

Globalization has led to reproductive labor to be commodified and demanded internationally. PREVIOUS SENTENCE SEEMS LIKE AN OUTLIER. IT IS A GOOD POINT BUT NEEDS TO BE DEVELOPED OR MOVED

Originally coined the international division of caretaking, the international division of reproductive labor refers to three tiers: wealthier upper class women who use the Filipina migrants to take care of domestic work and the lower class Filipinas who stay back home to watch the migrant’s children. TOO MUCH IN THE PREVIOUS SENTENCE. IS THE PREVIOUS NAME IMPORTANT? wHY ALL OF A SUDDEN FILIPINOS? YOU HAVE NOT EXPLAINED THIS BEFORE. IS IT ONLY A CONCEPT FOR THESE WOMEN, OR THE CASE STUDY WHERE IT WAS DEVELOPED? The wealthier women in the developed countries use their privilege in terms of race and class to neglect their reproductive labor I THINK IT IS MORE THAN AN ISSUE OF NEGLECT. WHAT IS DOING ON IN WEALTHY COUNTRIES AROUND REPRODUCTIVE LABOR? to pass it on with those with less privilege. Migrant women maintain a hierarchy over their family members and other Filipina women who stay back to watch the migrant’s children. The receiving country’s economy benefits from these migrant domestic workers through economic growth while the sending nation does not have the same results. EXCEPT FOR REMITTANCES. YOU NEED TO THINK THE PREVIOUS SENTENCE THROUGH MORE The sexual division of labor remains since women are the ones doing the reproductive labor across the tiers MAKE CLEAR THAT THE PREVIOUS PARA IS A SUMMARY OF PARRENAS ARGUMENT AND RESEARCH

The international division of reproductive labor arose out of globalization and capitalism. Components of globalization including privatization and feminization of labor also contributed to the rise of this division of labor. Globalization caused women to become intertwined in regards to reproduction. WHAT DO YOU MEAN? Sending countries are stuck with losing valuable labor while receiving countries take advantage of this labor and grow their economies. The inequalities of the women across the three tiers come from capitalism and gender disparities. The United States and the International Monetary Fund played a role in the Philippines developing an economy that is dependent on sending their citizens to other countries for domestic work. PREVIOUS PARA IS TOO VAGUE AND SEEM LIKE AN ARGUMENT. ARE YOU SAYING THAT PARENNAS HAS ARGUED THIS? OR ARE YOU ARGUING IT? HOW IS IT IMPORTANT TO THE CONCEPT?

The concept has been expanded and built on by others. In a study done in Guatemala and Mexico, instead of  global transfer of labor, a more local transfer was done between the women who work in the labor force and those other women relatives who take care of the children. A “new international division of reproductive labor” has said to have occurred because of outsourcing and taking advantage of a low skilled labor force which has led to the international division of reproductive labor. In order to maintain a strong, growing economy in Southeast Asia, this transfer of reproductive labor is needed. This is seen playing out in Singapore where hiring migrant help is a necessity to sustain the economy and the Singaporean woman’s status. SO IS IT FAIR TO SAY THAT THESE STUDIES HAVE SIMPLAY APPLIED PARRENAS CONCEPT TO OTHER CONTEXTS, OR HAVE THEY CHANGED THE CONCEPT?

= Bibliography = I will be using chapter two from this book. This is the article we read in class about the international division of reproductive labor. This article provides a great overview of what the international division of reproductive labor is specifically in the involvement of the sending and receiving countries. I will definitely use the three tier concept in my article.

This source is helpful in terms of explaining the presence of men in reproductive labor as a whole. The Wikipedia article is missing the gendered aspect of reproductive labor so I think this would be a great addition for discussing how men preform nonnurturant reproductive labor.

This article discusses elder care work in Italy which is mostly done by migrant women workers from multiple countries. This is a great source to have because it provides insight on migrant worker's lives.

This article would be an interesting to add since it explains how many migrant women have to mother their kids from a distance. It would evidence for how the international division of reproductive labor effects these women's lives.

The article is focused on how globalization and economic reasons are why women from the Philippines migrate to Rome. It points out the inequalities and downgrades in career these women face such as having a nursing degree prior but not having the chance to use it.

This report provides background information about issues domestic workers face and stats about these workers. It also discusses implementing laws that will protect them which would be good as overview information for my section.

= Wikipedia Topic = I became really interested in the international division of reproductive labor after doing the reading for this week. I noticed there is a page for reproductive labor but it is very short and a lot of information is missing.I really want to add a section for the international division of reproductive labor. I hope to add information on migrant Filipina domestic workers and other domestic workers. I think I will provide a deep understanding of the influence globalization has had on reproductive labor as well as farm workers. I am excited to get started.

= Adding sentence and source to Gender and Development article = While reading the "Gender and Development" article for the evaluating Wikipedia assignment, I noticed that the article did not include a lot of specific examples for the effect on microcredit/microfinance on women. The article stated multiple times that microfinance had advantages such as giving women the chance to open up her business but did not provide exact examples of where this occurred. I also noticed that there wasn't many examples that showed the downside of microfinance on women and their development. The authors only discuss the example of South Africa. Therefore, there weren't enough specific claims for each side of "pro microfinance and con microfiance". At first I was going to add an example that showed the negative effects of microfinance on women because our textbook discussed this in more detail. However, while looking for sources I decided to add a specific example to support microcredit in order to give the broad statements more substance. I realized that there are more benefits and positive cases than I thought that should be included in the article.

I added the sentence, "For example, a study conducted in Malaysia showed that their version of microcredit, AIM, had a positive impact on Muslim women's empowerment in terms of allowing them to have more control over family planning and over decisions that were made in the home (paragraph 19)." I got this information from a journal article in the Asian Journal of Women's Studies titled, "The effect of microfinance on women's empowerment: Evidence from Malaysia." I also moved the sentence from the last sentence from paragraph 18, "Although there is debate on how effective microcredit is in alleviating poverty in general, there is an argument that microcredit enables women to participate and fulfill their capabilities in society" to be a transition for my new addition sentence. I had issues finding a place to insert my source so I figured using that sentence would help connect my ideas instead of making it seem random and out of place. The reason why I added information about Malaysia was because I found the study done on their form of microfinance, AIM, to be interesting. The article provided other ways microfinance impacted women besides the usual claim that it helps give women financial opportunity. I also enjoyed how the article provided counter arguments to the benefits of microfinance which made the article not biased. = Evaluating WikiPedia = Due to having previous knowledge about the subject that I can apply to my critique, I decided to evaluate the “Gender and Development” article. What I first noticed about this article was the warning about the tone not being up to Wikipedia standards. This intrigued me into diving deeper and to keep note of analyzing how the tone may be bias. I also gathered that the article has not been rated on the quality or importance scale. It is a part of both the WikiProject Gender Studies and the WikiProject International Development. The article was very interesting to critique. Even though the overall structure of the article was well organized, I discovered that there was some confusion, there was some bias, there was information that was missing as well as information that can be added, and the sources were not always reliable.

My first impressions with the overall structure and the lead paragraph was mostly positive. Everything in the article is laid out nicely with clear, defined sections and subsections. I found it strange how there was both a source and a reference list, it seemed out of place to have both. It it was also odd that the lead paragraph did not introduce the “alternative approaches.” Only WID, WAD, and GAD were introduced making it seem as though these were the most important.

There was one distracting and confusing statement in the article that threw me off. The statement was, “WAD took this thinking a step further and suggested that women have always been an integral part of development, and did not suddenly appear in the 1970s as a result of exogenous development efforts” (para 6). Yes,  it was mentioned that women were involved in development efforts as wives and mothers in the 1960s but the lead paragraph makes the point that women were not officially involved until this time. The lead paragraph states that women were not seen as connected to development pre-World War Two (para 1). Overall, The statement doesn’t fit the timeline of women’s official involvement in development confusing the reader.

I did notice two aspects of the article that were biased. The first was the authors seemed to favor the GAD approach because the section was longer than WID and WAD. There were multiple sentences that broke down the definition of GAD and mentioned two key frameworks within if which were the “gender roles” and “social relations analysis” (para 11). The whole section on GAD was written in a more understanding, clear, and detailed way compared to the rest of the sections. In the gender and microfinance section, microcredit loans are discussed in a pretty positive light. Most of this section points out the benefits of microcredit such as allowing women to start their own companies (para 16). The section does mention that, “there were also cases in which women fell into a poverty trap as they were unable to repay their loans” (para 18). However, there was only one example of this which was South Africa. It was noted that Tanzania  did have success with microcredit and could help unequal gender relations but it was not explained how (para 17). In order to remain neutral, the authors should have added more examples of the downsides of microcredit and specific examples of the upsides.

Throughout the article, I realized that there was definitely information missing and under represented that our textbook discusses in more detail. In the criticism sub section for smart economics, Sylvia Chant declares that smart economics isn’t concerned with actually empowering women (para 30). It is implied that instrumentalization is being discussed without actually using the term. To have a strong criticism the term should be named because without naming it, it makes it seem as though only one person feels this way which undermines the point. Two key contributions to the rise of WID are missing, the importance of the knowledge of USAID workers knowledge about women’s work in developing countries and an emphasis on Boserup’s book. Boserup’s book is glossed over in the WID section while our textbook mentions it was a huge catalyst in bringing women involved in the conversation about development (Beneria et al 7). The article also glosses over the importance of the United Nations with advancing development by just briefly mentioning UNICEF. The article should include  information on the UN Women, the UN Decade of Women, and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (Beneria et al 9).

Some of the sources the article used seemed reliable but others were not. Many of the sources can be labeled as out of date since they were from the early to late 90s and the late 80s. Most of the sources were books or from peer reviewed journals such as Third World Quarterly. There were several articles from the United Nations Research Occasional Paper Series that seemed unbiased. However, several of the links were incomplete, meaning they would just reference the author and the page number but not the title of the source. One of the links was a speech from soundcloud which does not seem like a reliable source. When I clicked on one of the links the website said redirect block and page not found. The article from microcredit.org definitely seemed to be a biased source.

Analyzing the Wikipedia article was very helpful to me in terms of preparing me how to

make my final project the best it can be. It was not until I took a closer look at the article that I realized key information was missing and that some parts showed a strong bias. I now know how important it is to use strong sources to support my claims. It is crucial to make sure the links to the sources are written correctly to make it easier for one to access them. I am excited to take everything I learned and apply it to my own Wikipedia article to make it the best it can be.

Works Cited

Beneria, Lourdes, et al. Gender, Development, and Globalization. Routledge, 2016.