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Trichonephila plumipes is a species of spider found in Australia, Indonesia and some Pacific Islands, which exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism due to its sexual cannibalism behavior. It is sometimes called the tiger spider due to its markings which look similar to a tiger. This species was formerly called Nephila plumipes. As with other spiders from the genus Nephila, they have a distinctive golden web. Trichonephila plumipes benefits from highly urbanized places due to more food being available, warmer temperatures, and fewer predators. This species is commonly found in both urban and natural landscapes.

Description
T. plumipes resembles most of its congeners in the general body form. For females, similar to T. clavipes, T. plumipes possesses a collection of stiff hairs upon the legs. However, the hairs on T. plumipes are more closely set together comparing to the hairs of T. clavipes. In a T. plumipes female, the cephalothorax is black, covered with silver-colored hairs. The abdomen is olive-brown with yellow and white spots and stripes. On several pairs of legs, there are brushes of stiff black hairs. In a T. plumipes male, the body is dark brown. The legs are dark brown as well, with a few scattering black hairs, without brushes as those of the female.

Sexual Dimorphism
T. plumipes is a large spider. Females can achieve a body length of 34mm, while males are smaller and can rarely exceed 5mm in body length. Males can be less than one-tenth the size of females. Some males may weigh less than 1% of the body weight of mature females. The extreme sexual size dimorphism of T. plumipes is the result of selection by precopulation sexual cannibalism: females can’t detect small size males, so smaller males have a lower risk of precopulation sexual cannibalism. (see sexual cannibalism)

Large variation in male size
The variance in male body size of T. plumipes is 44.4, twice that of similarly sized male species. This is because smaller males are less likely to be detected and cannibalized by females before copulation, but larger males can exclude small males from the central hub of the web where mating takes place. Smaller males pay the cost of not getting much mating opportunity and being replaced by larger males. The conflicting effects of precopulation sexual cannibalism and male-male competition results in the large variation in male size.

Population structure, speciation, and phylogeny
12 Trichonephila species have had taxonomic changes. These 12 Trichonephila species were all formerly in classical Nephila, but phylogenetic results have established the classical Nephila as diphyletic. Because classical Nephila is diphyletic, the new Nephila genus now only includes the Australasian N. pilipes and the African N. constricta. The remaining 12 species, including T. plumipes were assigned to the circumtropical Trichonephila. Thus, Nephila plumipes is the synonym of Trichonephila plumipes. The divergence between N. pilipes + N. constricta clade and the other new Trichonephila species was dated 11.9 Mya. The subsequent diversification for the separation of T. plumipes and other Asian/Australia Trichonephila species was dated 10.9 Mya.

Habitat and Distribution
T. plumipes is found in Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Soloman Islands, Vanuatu, New Ireland and New Caledonia.

Urbanization
T. plumipes reaches high densities in Sydney, Australia. T. plumipes has previously been shown to have positive response to urban landscape. This urban-exploiting species benefits from multiple factors in cities. A study shows that T. plumipes were found to persist longer at sites with more concrete surfaces and less vegetation cover. Increases in concrete surfaces and decreases in vegetation cover can drive the urban heat island effect. In these warmer conditions, T. plumipes’ orb weaver season is extended. Normally, T. plumipes juveniles overwinter in egg sacs, hatch in spring and mature in the summer. However, in warmer winters, females can produce eggs faster, and the egg sacs can hatch within the same season, instead of remaining dormant in the winter. In this way, T. plumipes can complete two life cycles in the same season. This results in higher fitness and increased success for T. plumipes in urban areas. Another factor of T. plumipes’ success in urban regions is the abundance of prey. There are more large prey in urban microhabitats, due to urban warming, artificial night lighting and loss of predator. Food resources play a big role in the increased survival of T. plumipes in urban areas.

Prey capture techniques
T. plumipes spins a relatively permanent web. They capture most of their prey during the day. This diurnal preying schedule is due to the fact that T. plumipes captures mostly Hymenoptera, which are abundant during the day than the night. Both sexes build webs for prey capture. The size of the web and the web location affects resource acquisition.

Silk color
The silks produced by T. plumipes could be classified as bee visible and bee invisible. The bee visible silks appear yellow/golden to the human eye, while the bee invisible silks are white/silver to the human eye. According to a study, the colors of the silk are not related to spider’s protein intake. The yellow coloration of T. plumipes silk is not due to carotinoid intake from the food. The silk colors are correlated with silk thermal properties rather than silk protein structure. The conspicuous yellow coloration of T. plumipes silk is selectively attractive to certain prey species, but it might also attract the predators. The yellow and white coloration of T. plumipes silk might be the result of trade-offs between prey and predator attraction. The balance of this trade-off determines if T. plumipes silk is visible to bees or not.

Food storage
T. plumipes incorporate prey they previously captured into their webs. They apply a long-term storage mechanism. They incorporate a densely packed storage band of previously captured uneaten prey into their web that is attached to the barrier web near the hub. They can maintain their body mass when there is low level of prey capture by eating the stored items. T. plumipes incorporate only animal material in their storage, but some other species in the Trichonephila genus utilize plant material in the storage serving some unidentified non-food-storing functions. A disadvantage of hoarding behavior is that the prey items stored may be lost to kleptoparasites or through web damage. Spiders in the genus Trichonephila are often host to kleptoparasitic spiders. Food storage in the web can attract more kleptoparasites. However, a study showed that the abundance of kleptoparasites does not affect T. plumipes weight gain. Kleptoparasites feed on prey items ignored by the host spider, which does not affect the nutrients intake for the host spider.

Mate searching behavior
Upon maturity, T. plumipes males leave their natal webs to search for females’ webs. Females’ webs are used for mate attraction and are also used as the mating arena. Females produce web-based, long-distance cuticular pheromones for males to locate them. Multiple males can settle on a single female’s web and wait for an opportunity to mate. In T. plumipes, females are polygynous, while males are monogynous due to a high chance of injury and sexual cannibalism by their first mate. Male survival during mate searching is extremely low (36%). The high mortality rate is due to males’ increased search time. Factors such as encountering predators and depleting energy reserves decease male survival during mate searching. T. plumipes males have long mate search time because they are choosy. Since they have only one single opportunity to mate, they are choosy. A male’s mate choice is based on their own condition and weight. Males that choose virgin females are heavier than those that choose mated females. Thus, males are choosy about female phenotype or mating status, taking their own factors into consideration. As a result, males travel further than necessary (8m) to find preferred mates.

Sexual cannibalism
T. plumipes females cannibalizes males both before and during copulation. In T. plumipes, although cannibalized males copulate for longer than the males that escape, they do not transfer more sperm. But males who mate with mated females transfer more sperm than the ones who mate with virgin females. Males benefit from sexual cannibalism because of higher fertilization success. Males that survive copulation with mated females do not sire more than 30% of the cutch, but if he is cannibalized, this value is doubled. Females benefit from sexual cannibalism by gaining more nutrients. Virgin females that are small in size and in poor condition are more likely to cannibalize males. For precopulation sexual cannibalism, female T. plumipes are less likely to capture small males comparing to large males. This might because females cannot detect them. While after copulation started, females always want to cannibalize, regardless of the males’ size.

Group living
T. plumipes settles both solitarily and aggregates with neighbors. Although the females have their own web, they have a tendency to settle nearby one another and create aggregations. And the females can switch between solitary and aggregative settlement as the breeding season progresses. The large aggregations have as many as 10 webs that either share structural threads or are found within 20 cm of another web. The female aggregations consist of females of different age and mating status, ranging from juveniles to mated adults. Females’ settlement decisions are determined by various factors: predators, kleptoparasites, availability of prey, benefits of group prey capture, and social factors such as population density. A study confirmed the hotshot hypothesis of female aggregation formation in T. plumipes. The largest females attract most males, and other individual females join the most attractive ones and form aggregations to increase their chances of attracting males. Smaller females are more likely to join other aggregations that are already established by larger females. The preference model was also supported in the study. Males have preference for larger aggregations. And the larger the size of the aggregation, the greater number of males are attracted. Males settle within a larger aggregation because the distances between alternative females are minimized, and they can easily change their mate choice. The cost of searching for mates is reduced in a female aggregation.

Locomotion
Maximum running speed and maximum climbing speed are positively related in T. plumipes. Spiders who are good runners are also good climbers. Climbing and running represent a single locomoter performance characteristic in T. plumipes. High performance in each might be promoted by the same morphological and physiological characteristics. There is no evidence of trade-off between fast running speeds and fast climbing speeds in T. plumipes.