User:Arkpear12/Sande society/Bibliography

"28 Too Many". www.28toomany.org. Retrieved 2022-04-29.


 * This is a report of all documented the FGM cases in Liberia from a lead international NGO working to end FGM, so it should be a reliable source. It is tertiary source summarizing and analyzing DHS findings on Liberian FGM practices.

Abramowitz, S., & Moran, M. H. (2012). International human rights, gender-based violence, and local discourses of abuse in postconflict Liberia: A problem of “culture”? African Studies Review, 55(2), 119–146. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2012.0037

Adetunji, S. (2018). The Impact of Parental Education Level, Wealth Status, and Location on Female Genital Mutilation Prevalence in Northwestern Liberia. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4828/.
 * This academic article was published by lead anthropologists in African Studies Review, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source offering an ethnographic observation of postconflict humanitarian intervention in Liberia.


 * This academic article was published as an approved dissertation by a public health scholar, so it should be a reliable source. This secondary source analyzes the public health implications of FGM carried out in Sande societies in Liberia.

Azango, M. (2012). "The Costs for Girls: "Why I Welcome Leaders' Decisions"". Front Page Africa.https://legacy.pulitzercenter.org/reporting/costs-girls-why-i-welcome-leaders-decisions.


 * This now infamous journalist report was published by a local news outlet that operates throughout the continent and reprinted by the Pullitzer Center, a global humanitarian news outlet, so it should be a reliable source. This is both a secondary source offering a journalistic account of what goes on in secret Sande societies, and a primary source documenting the author's own experiences with Sande society.

Baron, E. (2012). "A Dangerous Job: Fighting against female genital mutilation in Liberia". The World. https://theworld.org/stories/2012-11-19/dangerous-job-fighting-against-female-genital-mutilation-liberia.


 * This journalist report was published by a prominent international Liberian journalist in a reputable global news outlet, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source offering a journalistic account of the dangers for advocating against Sande society practices in Liberia.

Batha, E. (2014). Secret societies make it very hard to end FGM in Liberia. London, Thomas Reuters Foundation. https://news.trust.org/item/20140205144950-niqxw/.

Brune, A. (2017). "The Shadow Society That Controls Female Bodies in Liberia". OZY. https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/the-shadow-society-that-controls-female-bodies-in-liberia/79806.
 * This think tank article was published by a Reuters lead journalist specializing in humantiarian coverage and women's rights, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source offering a journalistic account of the FGM practices in Liberia.

Focus On Liberia. (2021). The Poro and Sande Societies in Liberia. Youtube. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FViP_LDK-Uo.
 * This international news article was published by distinguished foreign affairs journalist in a reputable international online magazine, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source documenting the ways in which FGM persists as a cultural practice in Liberia.


 * This local youtube channel reports on issues highlighting the Liberian diaspora with hundreds of relevant videos, so it should be a reliable source. This is both a primary and secondary source offering first-hand information about Poro societies from a former member, and second-hand information from an international scholar.

FPA Staff Reporter (2016). "'Liberians Are Lazy': Chief Traditional Leader Asserts". Front Page Africa. https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberians-are-lazy-chief-traditional-leader-asserts/.


 * This journalist report was published by a local news outlet that operates throughout the continent, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source offering a journalistic account of a local Zoe and her opinion on civil life in Liberia.

Fuest, V. (2010). "Contested Inclusions: Pitfalls of NGO Peace-Building Activities in Liberia". Africa Spectrum. 45 (2): 3–33. doi:10.1177/000203971004500201. ISSN 0002-0397.


 * This academic article was published by a lead Liberian cultural anthropology scholar, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source analyzing NGO peace-building efforts in Liberia.

Fuest, V. (2008). “This Is the Time to Get in Front”: Changing Roles and Opportunities for Women in Liberia. African Affairs, 107(427), 201–224. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27667021.


 * This academic article was published by a lead Liberian cultural anthropology scholar, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source analyzing how the postconflict enviornment of the Liberian Civil War shifted opportunities for women.

Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. (2017). Liberia: The Sande secret society, its activities, organization, leaders and consequences of refusing the role of leader; Sande's power, its treatment of those who speak out against or oppose its practices; state protection for individuals threatened by Sande (2012-November 2016). https://www.refworld.org/docid/58cff6114.html.

"Liberia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
 * This research directorate was published by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, so it should be a reliable source. This is a tertiary source that summarizes all Western research and UN reporting on Sande societies in Liberia from 2012-2016.


 * This is a State Department report on 2020 Liberian human rights practices, so it should be a reliable source. This is a tertiary source that summarizes all of the reporting done on Liberia's annual human rights practices.

Liberian Observer. (2021). "Standing Up to Sande Bush". https://www.liberianobserver.com/standing-sande-bush. Little, K. L. (1949). "The Role of the Secret Society in Cultural Specialization". American Anthropologist. 51 (2): 199–212. doi:10.1525/aa.1949.51.2.02a00020. ISSN 0002-7294.
 * This journalist report was published by a prominent Liberian local news outlet, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source offering a journalistic account of young women who were forcible inducted into Sande society.


 * This academic article was published by a lead Sierra Leone anthopologist in the American Anthropology Association journal, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source about how societies create culture, specifically in the Sierra Leone region.

Murphy, W. P. (1980). Secret Knowledge as Property and Power in Kpelle Society: Elders versus Youth. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50(2), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.2307/1159011.


 * This academic article was published by a lead Liberian cutltural anthropolgy scholar in Cambridge University Press and the Journal of the International African Institute, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source analyzing how age impacts relative power and property in Kpelle society.

Peel, J. D. Y., et al. (2016). Letters from Liberia. London, International African Institute and Centre of African Studies, SOAS, University of London.

Seagbeh, E. (2021). "Liberia: Rescued From Bush School, Girls Detail Trauma - Mothers Pursue Justice". Front Page Africa. https://allafrica.com/stories/202112070226.html.
 * This book was published by the International African Institute and Centre of African Studies, so it should be a reliable source. It offers a first-person account of his regular visits over a period of several years to his family, friends, and wife, Anne Ogbigbo Peel, on her UN-posting in the Grand Cape Mount region of Liberia, which also coincided with the Ebola episode.


 * This journalist report was published by a local news outlet that operates throughout the continent, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source offering a journalistic account of women pursuing justice on behalf of their children who were allegedly kidnapped by Zoes.

Tarr-Attia, C. K., Boiwu, G. H., & Martínez-Pérez, G. (2019). ‘birds of the same feathers fly together’: Midwives’ experiences with pregnant women and FGM/C complications - A grounded theory study in Liberia. Reproductive Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0681-1

Wesee, B.; Parley, W. (2020). "Liberia: Chief Zoes Step in". allAfrica.com. https://allafrica.com/stories/202010270374.html.
 * This academic article was published by lead public health experts in the Reproductive Health journal, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source surveying the conditions of midwives in Liberia.


 * This journalist report was published by a lead international news outlet that operates throughout Africa, so it should be a reliable source. This is a secondary source offering a journalistic account of a local Liberian conflict and how it was resolved via Sande society networks.