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Prison Nursery From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Arlandab12 (talk | contribs) at 19:44, 7 December 2018 (category edit). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision. (diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Jump to navigationJump to search A prison nursery is a section of a prison that houses incarcerated mothers and their children. Prison nurseries are not common in correctional facilities in the United States, although prior to the 1950s many states had them and they are widespread throughout the rest of the world. After the 1970s, many prison nursery programs closed down from lack of need and the ability for babies to be placed with their family.[1]

Contents 1	Nurseries inside the United States [edit] 2	Prison nurseries around the world [edit] 2.1	Preungesheim [edit] 2.2	Other countries 3	Medical Care for Pregnant Inmates[edit] 4	Arguments in favor of prison nurseries[edit] 5	Effects of Women and Children in Prison Nurseries[edit] 5.1	Women 6	Studies and Evaluations of Prison Nursery Programs[edit] 7	Also See 8	References Nurseries inside the United States [edit] Further information: Pregnancy and prenatal care in U.S. prisons

Most prison nurseries in the United States are only open to mothers who give birth to their children while they are serving their sentence; in most states, women who give birth prior to their incarceration are not eligible, though New York is an exception.[2] Housing an infant in a prison nursery costs approximately $24,000 per year. However, the cost can be reduced through partnerships between prisons and local nonprofits, volunteer efforts, or government grants.[3]

As of March 2018, ten states have prison nursery programs throughout the United States: California, Illinois Indiana, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.[2]

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation has a program called Community Prisoner Mother Program (CPMP), it a program based on substance abuse where non-violent offenders can serve a sentence up to six years.[4] Women must have at least one child under the age of six years old and sign a voluntary placement agreement where she will do a period of three years probation.The program focuses on parenting skills, substance abuse, and skills for survival within society. [4]

Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women, a maximum security women’s prison in New York, has the oldest prison nursery in the United States. The prison nursery opened in 1901. [5] A child is permitted to stay at Bedford Hills with its mother until 1 year of age; however, there are possible exceptions if the mother’s release date is within the next 6 months.[3] Mothers at Bedford Hills must also participate in parental classes taught by qualified inmates. The prison also provides vocational services for mothers, in addition to providing comprehensive visiting services for the older children of incarcerated mothers including daily visiting hours and a special children's visiting room.[2][5]

Illinois Department of Corrections opened its nursery in 2007 call Moms and Babies. The unit can house up to 8 mom and baby pairs that is aimed at maintaining a healthy relationship between mom and baby. The program allows the baby to stay with the mom during her sentence up to two years and it supports a strong family foundation after release.[6]

In 1994 the Nebraska Correctional Center for Women opened their prison nursery. An infant is allowed to reside with the mother in prison if the mother’s release date is before the child turns 24 months.[7]The unit can only hold up to 7 mom and baby pairs. Childbirth and parenting classes are mandatory before and after the birth of an incarcerated inmate's child.[2]

The nursery at Washington Corrections Center for Women, which opened in 1999, offers inmates with a sentence less than 3 years after her child is born the opportunity to keep her child with her in the nursery until the child is 18 months old. At this point the mother and child move to a pre-release center for the next 18 months. The prison nursery has a partnership with the Early Head Start program, which provides developmental screenings, childcare, activities for the children, healthy food, and family services. The Mothers at the Washington Corrections Center for Women can choose to have a caregiver who looks after the infant while the mother is at work.[8]

The Ohio Reformatory for Women nursery opened in June 2001 called Achieving Baby Care Success (ABC'S).The program ensures that both the mother and baby are healthy while addressing issues that lead to the mother current prison sentence.[9] It can hold up to 21 inmates and their infants up to 36 months old. Every mother has a nanny who, like the mother, is an inmate who has taken parental classes and is serving time for a non-violent offense. The nanny is a volunteer inmate who is available at any time to care for a mother’s child when the mother has made a prior commitment.[9]

Indiana Women's Prison open their Wee Ones Nursery (W.O.N) in March of 2008 replicating the Ohio ABC'S program. It is a program specialized for pregnant women who enter into the prison. They provide parenting classes and ensure that the bond between mom and baby is maintained. They are allowed to maintain custody up to 24 months and if no one is granted custody of the child.[10]

The South Dakota Women's Prison nursery unit is for women who arrive at the prison pregnant and is allowed to keep the baby for up to 30 days.[2] To be considered for the Mother Infant Program the inmate as to take a parenting class. Although, she and the baby are only allowed 30 days to cohabit in prison other arrangements are to be made with the Department of Social services and family.[11] After arrangements are made for the baby the mother is allowed to apply for the prison's PACT program that allows her to be able to spend a weekend with her child once a month. [12][13]

The Lakin Correctional Center in West Virginia established their Keeping Infant Development Successful (KIDS) nursery program in 2009. Inmates must to pregnant at the time of entering the prison and deliver her child in prison.[14]The purpose of the program is to ensure that mom and baby develop a healthy relationship and to give skills to the mom so she can reenter into society successfully. She has to be eligible for release by the time the baby reaches 18 months old, and she had to be deemed capable of caring for the child. [14][2] Prison nurseries around the world [edit] Preungesheim [edit] Preungesheim, a maximum-security women’s prison in Frankfurt, Germany, has one of the best-known programs for incarcerated mothers and their children. Mothers who are on high-security and must stay on prison grounds are able to keep their children until they are 3 years old. They live in a "closed mother-child house" that is a separate enclosed building on the prison grounds. During the day, children attend preschool while their mothers are at work. There are certified childcare workers who tend to the children and mother are responsible for them at all other times many can take children off the prison grounds that are not a security risk.[15]Those mothers who are not a high-security risk live in an “open mother-child house” with their children. An open mother-child house opens to the nearby neighborhood, instead of opening to the prison - distinctly setting an open mother-child house apart from a closed mother-child house. Children are allowed to play in the nearby playground during the day while their mothers are at work.[15]

If a mother is permitted work release and has a school-aged child living in Frankfurt, she spends the day at home taking care of her family but sleeps at the prison at night. A work-release mother is allowed to take her children to school and doctor appointments and grocery shop during the day. After she prepares dinner, she tucks her child into bed and departs back to the prison to sleep, leaving her child in the hands of a caretaker.[15]

Other countries In other countries such as South America, Africa, and Asia the entire family is able to reside with their incarnated loved is. Particularly in Nigeria they set a law that children are allowed to be with their mothers while they are in prison if they are breastfeeding and is 18 months or younger. According to Nigeria Prison Service, about 2 percent of the prison population are women.[16][15]In other countries like Argentina, women's prison young children are able to live with their mothers away from general population in a separate wing of the prison. Similarly, in traditional prisons in Europe there are mother- baby units in maximum security prisons separate from the general population.[15] [16] Medical Care for Pregnant Inmates[edit] Pregnant inmates, along with every other inmate, are required to receive proper mental and physical (medical) care while incarcerated. In 2001, the Plata v. Schwarzenegger case stated that California prisons were violating prisoners’ Eighth Amendment rights to adequate physical and mental care and treatment. As a result, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) was required to adopt different policies, including those concerning pregnant inmates. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s Adult Institutions, Programs, and Parole Operations manual Chapter 5 Article 45: Care, Treatment, and Security of Pregnant Offenders states the policies implemented for the pregnant inmates within their facilities and institutions.[4] Their policy listed in the manual is as follows: The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) staff shall ensure a pregnant offender is not placed in restraints by the wrists, ankles, or both during labor, including during transport, delivery, and while in recovery after giving birth, except as provided in Penal Code Section 5007.7. Health care staff shall provide medical care for the pregnant offender population. Pregnant offenders shall receive, within the second trimester of gestation, a dental examination, periodontal evaluation, and the necessary periodontal treatment in order to maintain periodontal health during the gestation period. This policy will ensure the safety of the inmate and her unborn child. It will also ensure that the inmate receives proper medical care. According to the manual, pregnant inmates will visit their doctor or OB/GYN every 4 weeks in the first trimester and up to 24 – 26 weeks gestation, every 3 weeks up to 30 weeks gestation, every 2 weeks up to 36 weeks and, weekly after 36 weeks up to delivery.[4]

Although California has a very specific standard of care for pregnant inmates, prenatal care varies from state to state. Some offer a change in living arrangement which could potentially have a positive impact on the inmates pregnancy outcome. [17] Many states does not have a policy against shackling of pregnant women pre-labor, labor and recovery which could have adverse effects on the mom and baby. [18]

Arguments in favor of prison nurseries[edit] The former prison in Christianshavn, Copenhagen, Denmark, demolished 1928.

The states that have incorporated prison nurseries within their correctional systems have done so on the assumption that it will facilitate development of maternal bond and secure attachment by the child. Prison officials believe that the first two years are a crucial time period for the mother and her infant.[19] Most facilities allow the infant to reside with her mother until he or she is 18 months old, although Washington State will allow children in the nursery up until they are three.[2] Many prisons offer parenting classes, substance abuse counseling, general education, and "safe havens" for mothers and infants to be in. Prisons that have advocated for these nursery units have suggested that it is in the best interest of the child's development and that it reduces that rate of mothers returning to prison. [20] "Prison nurseries have the potential to promote rehabilitation of incarcerated mothers, while also providing the physical closeness and supportive environment necessary for the development of secure attachment between mothers and their infants. Many babies are not given the opportunity to connect with their mothers, babies are placed in "foster care" which is "the ultimate placement for 10% of infants born to women in prison across the nation."For responses to the arguments in favor of prison nurseries, and for a children's-rights-based argument against prison nurseries, see James G. Dwyer, Jailing Black Babies, 2014 Utah L. Rev. 465 (2014), available at SSRN.com.

Effects of Women and Children in Prison Nurseries[edit] Women The inmates are not allowed to know their due date and are not told about their induction and C-section schedules until the day they are scheduled.[21] Many women have to give birth in front of guards men or women, while some states may prohibit the use of cuffs during labor there are many who do not have a policy against it or do not enforce it. [21][22]

"Thirty percent of children who co-resided in a prison nursery and 42% of separated children had at least one problem area in the clinical range."

Children

Children that are born in prison that do not have a nursery unit grow up in the foster care system. Many children began to believe that their parents do not love nor want them. Their mothers being cast out by society left them feeling the same as well. [23]

Studies and Evaluations of Prison Nursery Programs[edit] Joseph R. Carlson conducted the most comprehensive evaluation to date of the effects of prison nurseries on mother recidivism. The evaluation focused on women at the Nebraska Correctional Center for Facility for Women. The study compares the recidivism rate of 30 women who participated in a prison nursery program at the Nebraska Correctional Center for Women with the recidivism rate of women who gave birth while in custody and had their babies taken away immediately after birth (these women were incarcerated at the prison before the nursery had been created). The recidivism rate for program participants was 9 percent while the recidivism rate for mothers who were immediately separated from their children was 33 percent. This study, however, like others of its kind, suffers from severe selection bias, insofar as it fails to account for the screening out of more serious offenders from the nursery program. No study to date demonstrates that prison nurseries reduce recidivism.

Mary Byrne, a Columbia University nursing professor is in the process of conducting a study of 100 children born at the prison nurseries at the Bedford Hills and Taconic Correctional Facilities in Westchester County, N.Y. in order to evaluate the impact that prison nurseries have on parent-child bonding, and healthy infant development. So far, Byrne has concluded that some children are able to form a secure attachment with their mothers when they are kept in prison with their mothers. She notes that children who are separated from their parents have an increased likelihood of emotional and behavioral disorders, school failure and trouble with the law if they live in temporary arrangements with relatives while their mother is in prison. Because mothers play a crucial role in the development of their children, often times children are punished by not having the ability to have time alone with their mothers. She did not study outcomes for children born to prison inmates who are immediately placed for adoption.

As previously stated many countries around the world have prison nurseries where both a mother and her child reside. A study conducted in Iran investigated the relationship between mother and child in these environments. The participants of the study consisted of 14 imprisoned mothers with their children. An interview was conducted of prisoners after they left the prison nursery. The results of the study found the presence of the child created an emotional support system for prisoners. It helped prisoners deal with loneliness, anxiety, and fight depression. Mothers reported having a positive outlook for their future. They began to become hopeful to reenter society as contributing members. Mothers reported wanting to find jobs to secure their child’s future. Past studies done about prison nurseries, has been found that mothers in prison nurseries had lower rates of recidivism. The mothers in the Iranian prison unit reported that parenting their child reminded them of being at home. Their daily lives consisted of their child-rearing practices. The presence of toys, noise, and interactions gave a sense of home life. The experiences of these prisoners differ from those of other units because they have members that can sympathize and support them with their experiences. There are many positives associated with keeping a mother with her child. A previous study conducted has found that mothers in prisons nurseries have the ability to form of a secure bond.The ability to have a secure attachment is important for a child’s development. However, the Iranian study revealed some of the risks for a child in that environment. Even though the mothers had separated units, the yard and recess are shared with other prisoners. Participants of the study reported that children were cursed at and pushed during these times. The study also found children can have a lack of resources in prisons environment such as bedding, clothing, and food.

Also See California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation

Prison healthcare

Use of restraints on pregnant women

Prisoner reentry

Prison Fellowship

Alternatives to imprisonment

Resource for families of inmates

References "Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment" (PDF). www.wpaonline.org. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2018-12-06. Caniglia, John. "Growing up behind bars: How 11 states handle prison nurseries". cleveland.com. Retrieved 2018-12-06. Schiavocampo, Mara (2010-06-11). "Prison Moms". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation". www.cdcr.ca.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "At Bedford Hills Correctional, moms do time with newborns". lohud.com. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "PRISON NURSERY PROGRAMS IN OTHER STATES". www.cga.ct.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "Women & Family Services - Programs & Family Services". www2.illinois.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "Programs Help Incarcerated Moms Bond With Their Babies In Prison". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-12-07. "Achieving baby care success: the only Ohio prison nursery. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "Indiana Department of Correction: Wee Ones Nursery". www.in.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "A look at prison nurseries nationwide". Associated Press. 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "Overcrowding at South Dakota Prison Impacts Family Visitation Program | Prison Legal News". www.prisonlegalnews.org. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "South Dakota Women's Prison Mother Infant Programs:: SD Dept. of Corrections". doc.sd.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-06. Noche, Lori. "Keeping Infant Development Successful: West Virginia's Premier Program for Incarcerated Mothers" (PDF). www.aca.org. Retrieved 2018-12-06. Bosworth, Mary (2005). Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities. SAGE. pp. 746–747. ISBN 9780761927310. Staff, Global Legal Research Directorate (2015-08-01). "Laws on Children Residing with Parents in Prison". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-07. Davis, Laurel; Shlafer, Rebecca. "Pregnant, in prison and facing health risks: prenatal care for incarcerated women". The Conversation. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "End the Use of Restraints on Incarcerated Women and Adolescents during Pregnancy, Labor, Childbirth, and Recovery" (PDF). www.apa.org. Retrieved 2018-12-05. "Prison nurseries give incarcerated mothers a chance to raise their babies — behind bars". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "Prison nurseries give incarcerated mothers a chance to raise their babies — behind bars". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "14 Nasty Rules Pregnant Women In Prison Must Follow". BabyGaga. 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2018-12-05. "Restraining Inmates in Labor Is Supposed to Be the Exception". New America. Retrieved 2018-12-05. "Babies Behind Bars – CWLA". Retrieved 2018-12-06.

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