User:ArtifexMayhem/sources

Definitions

 * A belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.


 * The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. Hence: prejudice and antagonism towards people of other races, esp. those felt to be a threat to one's cultural or racial integrity or economic well-being; the expression of such prejudice in words or actions. Also occas. in extended use, with reference to people of other nationalities.


 * Despite its ubiquity in everyday language, no consensus on the definition of racism has emerged from the scientific literature (Farley, 1988). In this article, racism is operationally defined as beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation. Unlike other conceptualizations that describe racism as a relationship between members of oppressed and nonoppressed groups, this more comprehensive definition of racism encompasses beliefs, attitudes, arrangements, and acts either held by or perpetuated by members of a different ethnic group (intergroup racism) and by members of the same ethnic group (intragroup racism).


 * Most broadly, racism has been defined as “the beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation.”16 Racism or ethnic discrimination can beconsidered as a form of social ostracism. Phenotypic or cultural characteristics are used to render individuals outcasts, making them targets of social exclusion, unfair treatment, and harassment; and consequently, either directly or indirectly, depriving them of social and economic opportunities and threatening personal safety.21 Detailed reviews concerning the conceptualization and measurement of racism are available elsewhere.16,18,22
 * 16. Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol 1999; 54:805–816.
 * 18. Williams DR, Collins C. US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Annu Rev Sociol 1995; 21:349–386.
 * 21. Brondolo E, Brady N, Libby DJ, Pencille M. Racism as a psychosocial stressor. In: Baum A, Contrada RJ (eds). The Handbook of Stress Science: Psychology, Medicine and Health. New York, Springer, in press.
 * 22. Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Health Serv 1999; 29:295–352.


 * Personally mediated racism is defined as prejudice and discrimination, where prejudice means differential assumptions about the abilities, motives, and intentions of others according to their race, and discrimination means differential actions toward others according to their race. This is what most people think of when they hear the word “racism.” Personally mediated racism can be intentional as well as unintentional, and it includes acts of commission as well as acts of omission.

Definitions

 * intelligent design, n.
 * Deliberate design in the natural or physical world, attributed to an intelligent entity (usually identified as God); the appearance of this. In later use (freq. with capital initials): a theory which posits this. Cf. design n. 5.
 * The term is now used chiefly with reference to a modified form of creation science which promotes teleological explanations while minimizing the use of religious terminology. Its proponents typically claim that many biological systems are too complex to have evolved incrementally by undirected mutation and natural selection, or show evidence of patterns which cannot be adequately explained by the action of natural processes.
 * First cite: 1816  J. B. Sumner Treat. Rec. Creation I. ii. 21 We must oppose all the deductions of reason and daily experience, if we for a moment remove from our system the operation and agency of intelligent design.
 * — OED, Third edition, September 2003; online version March 2012.


 * design, n.
 * 5. Fulfilment of a prearranged plan; adaptation of means to an end. Chiefly in theological contexts, with reference to the belief that the universe manifests divine forethought and testifies to an intelligent creator, usually identified as God (cf. intelligent design n., argument from design n. at Phrases 3).
 * First cite: 1665  T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 141 Either out of Design, or Simplicity.
 * P3. argument from design n. Theol. an argument for the existence of an intelligent creator (usually identified as God) based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural or physical world (cf. sense 5).
 * First cite: 1802  W. Paley Nat. Theol. ii. 12 The argument from design remains as it was.
 * — OED, Third edition, January 2012; online version March 2012.


 * creationism, n.
 * 2. The belief that mankind and all kinds of living organism, or, more widely, the earth and the physical universe generally, originated in specific acts of divine creation as related in the Bible or other sacred book rather than by natural processes as described by science, in particular evolution. Cf. creation science n. at creation n. Compounds, intelligent design n., evolutionism n. (a).
 * First cite: 1860  Rambler Mar. 370 He [sc. Darwin] talks as if some extra-scientific, unknown, and arbitrary creationism was the only antagonist to his natural selection.
 * — OED, Third edition, November 2010; online version March 2012.


 * evolutionism, n.
 * Belief in or advocacy of a scientific or philosophical theory of evolution; spec. (a) acceptance of the occurrence of evolutionary change during the history of life, the Earth, etc.; (b) (adherence to) a philosophical doctrine which supposes evolution or development (esp. inherently progressive development) to be a fundamental principle of human or of universal history; (c) the application of evolutionary assumptions or principles in a particular sphere or field of study (cf. developmentalism n.). In the context of religious responses to scientific theory, often contrasted with creationism.
 * First cite: 1869  T. H. Huxley in Sci. Opin. 28 Apr. 487/1 The three schools of geological speculation which I have termed Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, and Evolutionism.
 * — OED, Third edition, March 2008; online version March 2012.

Color of Change: What kind of (advocacy) group is it?

 * From American Legislative Exchange Council at 09:55, 3 June 2012...

 "On December 8, 2011, the racial advocacy group founded by Van Jones, Color of Change, announced a call to boycott ALEC corporate members for their alleged support of voter ID laws."


 * In the interest of fairness I have included a few sources that might not satisfy WP:RS (or would require an in text attribution in the least).

Sources using "Racial"

 * 1) "Unfortunately, America already resembles that ideal world envisioned by, though Buchanan and his followers have shown some signs of fighting back against black and Hispanic ." —
 * 2) "The czar in question is Van Jones, a founding board member of  that tries to stir up racial antagonism in order to promote a socialist agenda." —
 * 3) " founded by 9/11 truther and confessed Marxist Van Jones, who's probably most infamous for being President Obama's Green Jobs Czar before being forced out of that position after a number of very disturbing revelations about his racially divisive, radical past were broadcast at BreitbartTV and elsewhere." —
 * 4) "Coca-Cola severed ties with ALEC earlier this month at the demand of ." —

Sources using "Black"

 * 1) "There was yet another sign of racial disharmony in the Democratic Party today, as the leader of the influential  lashed out at Hillary Clinton, calling her claim to owning the white, blue-collar vote 'race baiting.'" —
 * 2) "The companies began dropping their memberships after  launched an online campaign calling on Coca-Cola to end its support." —
 * 3) " pointed to the different treatment handed out to Marman, who is black, and Armstrong, who is white, and said it was a clear instance of race discrimination." —
 * 4) "The campaign is organized by  that has highlighted Fox's use of racial stereotypes before." —

Sources using "African American"

 * 1) " has called for MSNBC to fire longtime analyst (and even longer-time lightning rod) Pat Buchanan for what it called his 'white supremacist ideology.'" —
 * ", successfully pressured at least six major corporations, including Coca-Cola Co. and McDonald's Corp., to drop their support of the American Legislative Exchange Council, a conservative nonprofit that has promoted laws modeled on Florida's "Stand Your Ground" law." —

Sources using "Civil-rights"

 * 1) " is launching a campaign calling for corporations to stop funding the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)." —
 * ", discovered in ALEC’s now-public library a model bill for voter ID laws passed by 34 states." —
 * ", has been pressuring corporations nationwide through online petitions to drop ties to ALEC and is claiming success, though those that leave have not attributed the departures to ALEC's political leanings." —
 * 1) "Coca-Cola and other member companies in ALEC were targeted last year by  for their support of the organization, which also is behind what ColorOfChange Executive Director Rashad Robinson calls "voter suppression laws" in many states." —
 * 2) "Coca-Cola's announcement came hours after, launched an online drive calling on Coca-Cola to stop underwriting the ALEC agenda on voter ID laws in several states." —
 * 3) "Rashad Robinson, director of  in the coalition, says they are trying to put ALEC's corporate members on the spot." —
 * 4) "Stephanie Brown, national field director of the NAACP's Youth and College Division; Jasmyne Cannick, a social commentator and community organizer; and James Rucker, co-founder and executive director of, talk with Michel Martin about the NAACP and what the civil rights movement looks like today." —
 * 5) "The companies' actions came after, spotlighted the firms' ties to ALEC." —
 * 6) "Several of those companies have since cut ties with the organization in recent weeks., led much of the charge." —
 * 7) "...said James Rucker, co-founder of  that he said has an e-mail list of 800,000." —
 * 8) "Other organizations, like, continue to pressure the corporate backers behind ALEC, which stands for the American Legislative Exchange Council." —
 * 9) "In recent weeks, companies that have supported the state legislative group — many of them listed on the ALEC Web site — found themselves in the glare of a national protest organized by the government watchdog Common Cause,  and other groups." —
 * 10) "The companies have come under fire from protests put together by groups including Common Cause and ." —
 * 11) "Thanks to a campaign by, several companies cut ties with the American Legislative Exchange Council in recent weeks." —
 * 12) " helped lead public campaigns against ALEC and its affiliated companies for its support of such laws." —