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Sandip Tiwari (सन्दीप तिवारी /snðİp tIwarI/; born May 17, 1955) is a scientist and engineer, and the Charles N. Mellowes Professor in Engineering at Cornell University. He has made numerous fundamental and applied contributions in the areas of electronics and optoelectronics together with the shepherding of collective research and scholarship through leadership of major national nanotechnology efforts, journals, authoring of textbooks and a critical viewing of good engineering based on sound science.

He states that his path has been guided by a devotion to research and education in technical disciplines with a belonging to the natural world through global citizenship. His life approach is guided by Satyagraha, a belief that he imbibed from his parents who participated in Mahatma Gandhi’s social and educational efforts and his own personal phenomenological and Kantian inclinations. To this, he adds a profound respect and learning from enlightened colleagues at IBM Research, where “Nonsense was unacceptable.”

The International Electron Devices Meeting recognized the SiGe heterobipolar transistor demonstrated by his IBM colleagues and him as a key innovation of the past 50 years in 2004. Applied Physics Letters cites his nanoscrystal memory work as one of the top 50 most highly cited papers ever published in the journal. A patent of his (6,953,958) is utilized in numerous gene-sequencing machines.

His teaching style emphasizes physical intuition together with rigorous analytic understanding by employing paradoxes and what if questions in the narrative. The Electroscience book series from Oxford University press is a series of four books with thorough physical and analytic discussion of the science and engineering underlying condensed matter and their devices. He writes"“ …We fail at teaching our graduating students not to force fit “truth” to our biases. We succeed with too few. Part of the reason for this failure is that a business style---talking points, elevator pitch, slides to which one talks, spreadsheets, college bookstores as sweatshirt shops with little space for books, libraries as cafes with the loss of space and collection where one was exposed to printed thoughts that one was not actively searching for, and underlying all this finance over content---has broadly infected the educational institutions of this country. Science and technology are major social and economic forces. By not finding a balance between being the source of technological and financial success, which is initially limited to only a few who are educated and have power and is economic, and in developing citizenship, which is a broader goal and is social, academia seeds a future downfall if it is not fixed. The standards need to to be high, and for this social commitment theme, legal acceptability or checking boxes of ethics as dictated by accreditation boards is not that standard. This is particularly important in science and engineering, where the student usually has a very different mental focus than the student of humanities.”"The books balance a rigorous information-centric perspective and integration of ideas and analysis with humor and pithy comments to develop learning, clarity in conceptual underpinnings and their application with the fundamental understanding.

During his leadership of the USA-based NSF-supported infrastructure efforts for nanotechnology nearly a third of USA experimental science and engineering PhDs employed the resources of the networks and hundreds of successful small companies were incubated. He considers the educational effort of these networks as being equally important in the development of research students throughout the country.

Professionally, Tiwari has edited engineering and scientific journals (IEEE’s Transactions on Electron Devices and Proceedings of the IEEE, and AIP’s Applied Physics Reviews) and was the founding editor-in-chief of IEEE’s Transactions on Nanotechnology.

AIP’s Institute of Physics awarded him the Young Scientist Award in 1991, IEEE awarded the Cledo Brunetti Award in 2007 , and his alma mater the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2003 , and a number of outstanding contribution and technical awards from IBM. He is a Fellow of IEEE and APS.

Tiwari is a committed believer of openness, world citizenship and also indulges in speculative and philosophical musings aimed at science in society. One of an early textbook from 1992 on compound semiconductor devices is available as an open text. An essay titled “The ghost in the machine? Nanotechnology, man and the machine” garnered considerable attention in 2018 as it explored the technical segues of the marriage of machine learning with biology using tools of nanotechnology. He has spent time as a visiting faculty at University of Michigan, Columbia University, Harvard University, Technical University of Munich, Stanford University, Indian Institute of Science, University of Paris Sud, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.

Life and approach
Tiwari was born in Ahmedabad, India, to Anandilal and Lakshmi Tiwari. He proudly states that the hospital was named Majdoor Mahajan (Laborer is the King). His father was then the editor of Harijan, a newspaper that used to be edited by Mahatma Gandhi as an outlet for his writing and public discussions. His family had arrived there following a period during which his father was a teacher of Gandhi’s women’s teaching college in Wardha. This association and the early life exposure to the discussions and the constant stream of intellectual luminaries passing through his household had a guiding influence on his life through the commitment it raised in him for Satyagraha (active insistence on and action through truth). To this he incorporated early Buddhist interpretations of the human condition, Leo Tolstoy’s love and the German and Kantian philosophical thoughts of morality and of phenomenology. Later in life, he blended into this from his technical life the probabilistic Bayesian view of incompleteness, of information as an eye on the physical reality and the changing of nature of beliefs as new observations are made and new information becomes available. Satyagraha, globalism, openness, equality of all natural creations guides his day-to-day living and actions.

Education
Tiwari’s high school in Delhi was close to the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, as well as a federal organization that was developing educational tools (National Council of Educational Research and Training). After school, which ended at 1:45 pm (having started at 7:00 am), he would often go to the libraries of these institutions to read and sample the book stacks of science books. This was rare luck, made even more so by the librarians who befriended him and let him have free rein and made him an autodidact. This learning would not have been possible in the modern era where cards control all access, and the free ranging opened up his love for sciences in a family that cared for education but had no technical inclinations. Spare time was often devoted to fixing bicycles and scooters, and teaching and typing for others of his neighborhood.

India of that period was quite conservative even if less religiously polarized than now. Learning typing in 1971 would have been considered a sure example of failing in education as a next-door neighbor let the community know. This may also have been because he had the temerity to explain to the young daughter of the neighbor that it is not possible for children to just arrive from heaven. Having performed exceptionally well in national examinations for entrance, Tiwari came to Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur to study Physics on a national scholarship, and encountered the free spirit of USA implanted in the institution. This included hands-on access to an IBM 1620 (this computer had arrived on a bullock cart to the nascent campus in 1963) and hands-off to an IBM 7044. His latent engineering love reignited, and his education and career have reflected this tension of dwelling simultaneously in the worlds of science and engineering. IIT Kanpur was a rare institution to make this possible in those times. His period at IBM’s research division taught him both what makes good science and what makes good engineering, and that incremental evolutions and the skating on thin ice should be left to others. His writings and contributions reflect this taste for starting new directions, contributing to early thinking, and questioning wild claims that the research support system demands and extracts from the practitioners.

Work and career
His PhD work (1978—80) took him to Cornell University where the first university-based small structures facility was stablished by NSF. Being in the first group of students again gave him free rein to instruments that were not accessible to the best industrial or federal laboratories. He fondly remembers being able to work days and nights uninterrupted and in particular doing interesting mix of science and engineering. It was here that he worked on measuring voltages with 100’s of nanometer accuracy the voltage profiles in transistors -- one of the earliest in situ measurements of electronic structures -- employing Auger electrons.

After a year at MACOM establishing their GaAs transistor effort, Tiwari arrived at IBM Research Division in Yorktown Heights, and a number of important results followed over the next two decades. Among these, in applied sciences, in electronics and optoelectronics, his explanation of a new high current effect when heterostructure collectors are used, the unusual nature of recombination current at surfaces of compound semiconductor bipolar transistors, the consequences of how strain changes the threshold current in lasers, the limitations on frequency and power that arise from reduced number states of confinement in quantum wire lasers are now the central dogma. Two inventions from this period, the SiGe heterobipolar transistor to which he contributed with his colleagues, and the nanocrystal and quantum-dot memory have had a significant impact in the electronic industry.

He moved to Cornell University to lead the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility, and over nearly 12 years led the national nanotechnology infrastructure consortium of universities, while continuing his work in research and education. He was an early contributor in understanding and developing the technology for three-dimensional integration of electronics, as also an understanding of the surface-mediated effects in two-dimensional monolayer structures such as the elucidation of random telegraph signal and fluctuation consequences, and the role of reciprocal space funneling as limitation on contacts to such geometries. In applications, his was the early work on using adaptive approaches to modulating power and performance in digital design. His science and engineering interests in the past few years have been on exploring and understanding the physical and information underpinnings of machine learning and neural networks, that is, the marriage of affine and nonlinear transformations towards a collapse to a set of conclusions.

Pursuing his educational and global citizenship interests, he has spent extended periods at educational institutions around the globe (USA, Europe and India) teaching and researching and learning from others’ approaches.

Writing
During a sabbatical leave from IBM in 1988-89 at the University of Michigan, Tiwari wrote the text Compound Semiconductor Device Physics. The text became a standard for teaching compound semiconductors and in keeping with the changes of time, with the book going out of print and the availability of internet, the book was made available as an open textbook.

His most recent writing project has been a four volume Electroscience Series from Oxford University Press. These texts, undergraduate-to-graduate use information-centric emphasis in connecting quantum, statistical, condensed matter, and devices together employing physical intuition, mathematical rigor, and emphasizing the limits of the models in light of the underlying assumptions. Paradoxes, stories, and questioning flow through in such a discussion. He considers books, their story telling and the questioning and answering and discussions of subtle points an essential tool to learning that modern techniques are still deficient at. His writing balances physical arguments, rigorous analytics, and experiments, and is unafraid of questioning unsupported assertions. In an important work that was the first simple description of tunneling current in oxides as transistor geometries reached the small nanoscale dimensions is the statement “We conclude that electron tunneling in the direct regime can be reasonably well described by effective mass theory even for very thin oxides. However, it remains a mystery whether the good agreement is by chance or that crystalline effective mass theory really captures the essential physics for describing tunneling through amorphous thin films.” The same viewpoint is also visible when he questions wild claims of frequencies of lasers during the optical boom and in an article in 2015 of the numerous instances of errors that appeared as the electronics community encountered the end of Moore’s scaling and the engineering community searched for transistor’s replacement and modification.

Other works
Science and engineering, unlike philosophy, takes analytic and observational approaches making much of what it does short range or narrow in scope. Philosophy approaches the major questions with a broader view. Tiwari sees both as important and every few years indulges in exploring what the future might be like due to development of sciences and the potential troubles that they may also lead to. BBVA’s open book series has published a number of these essays starting with nanotechnology in 2008, the evolution of intelligence in machines in 2012 and the marriage of biology and machine intelligence in 2019.

Service
Tiwari’s activities for the technical disciplines and for the society draw on his personal philosophy towards collective growth. In publishing, this has included editorship of journals of IEEE (Transactions on Electron Devices as an Associate Editor and Proceedings of the IEEE as a Guest Editor) and of applied sciences (Applied Physics Reviews of AIP). He is also the Founding Editor-in-Chief of IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. During mid-career he organized numerous workshops to bring together active researchers and students, and in international activities. Particularly satisfying to him has been a sequence of winter schools that he organized in India bringing research students from USA and India for education in current and advanced topics in experimental sciences and then spending time in rural regions of the country to see the issues in the daily life of the not-so-well-off. He has served on Samsung Electronics’ Technical Advisory Board, became a member of DARPA’s Defense Science Research Council in 2005, and serves on Sandia Laboratory’s technology council for nano and micro research foundation as well as the jury of BBVA’s Science Awards, among others.

Awards
In 1991, Tiwari was the recipient of the Young Scientist Award from Institute of Physics at its International Symposium on GaAs and Related Compounds, “For contributions to the understanding and development of the MESFET, the HFET, and the HBT” He became an elected Fellow of IEEE in 1994 “for contributions to heterostructure devices” and of APS in 1998 “for contributions to understanding of device physics and for innovations in small electronic and optical devices with strong quantum confinement.” In 2003, he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from his alma mater IIT Kanpur. IEEE awarded him the Cledo Brunetti Award in 2007 “For pioneering contributions to nanocrystal memories and to quantum-effect devices.”

Personal life and opinions
Early in life, Tiwari was strongly influenced by the active practice of Satygraha and readings of Buddha and Leo Tolstoy. German philosophers and writers -- Kant, Hesse, Husserl, Heidegger, particularly -- were also strong influence, and this led him to his approach to life that emphasizes openness, the insistence on truth and observation, ethics guided by equality of all of earth’s kingdom, and willingness to change. This is both the philosophical strand of persistent questioning in search of answers and the scientific emphasis on ignorance as the spur for its pursuits. One can spend a life believing in something, and then come to a point when one realizes one’s mistake. The approach lets him use the same principles in work and personal life, and he finds it satisfying because intentions align with real values. Ultimately, he says this is what defines his die gretchenfrage of life, of uncertainty, of fluctuation and dissipation, of short and long, of yin and yang, and lets him enjoy life’s delicious ambiguities since life is essentially inconclusive.