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Phase Two

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade

Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible,[6] there to be sold to work on coffee, tobacco, cocoa, sugar, and cotton plantations, gold and silver mines, rice fields, the construction industry, cutting timber for ships, as skilled labor, and as domestic servants.

•MLA Citation: Herbert S. Klein. The Middle Passage : Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton University Press, 2017. EBSCOhost, search-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.pstcc.edu:3443/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1490837&scope=site.

Quote: Whereas the slaves of 16th- and 17th- century Spanish America were primarily miners, truck gardeners, and urban and domestic laborers, the slaves brought into the colonies of the new imperial powers were almost exclusively employed in plantation agriculture. Though a host of crops--including cotton, indigo, tobacco, and rice--would eventually become important colonial agricultural products, the primary export crop of New World expansion was sugar.

ISBN: 9780691654973

Phase Three

Race and Gender in Atlantic Slave Trade

Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Vol. 2nd ed., New ed, Cambridge University Press, 2010. This scholar shows us that Africans are not the only slaves during the Atlantic Slave Trade. At the same time of the Atlantic Slave Trade the existence of at least 20-25 million were American Indians. During the sixteenth century it mostly relied on migrants of the poorest peasants and urban dwellers for the labor needs. Even though 9-10 million African slaves were around for the next five centuries.

Dalton, John T., and Tin Cheuk Leung. “Why Is Polygyny More Prevalent in Western Africa? An African Slave Trade Perspective.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 62, no. 4, The University of Chicago Press, 2014, pp. 599–632, https://doi.org/10.1086/676531. This scholar describes in Atlantic Slave Trade we know that there are males and females in slavery, but what we didn’t know is how many males and females there were. The assumption is made that there are more male slaves than females, but in this case it’s not always that way. There were a higher percentage of males exported in the transatlantic trade, and a higher percentage of female slaves exported in the Indian Ocean trade.

Phase Four

At the same time of the Atlantic Slave Trade the existence of at least 20-25 million were American Indians. During the sixteenth century it mostly relied on migrants of the poorest peasants and urban dwellers for the labor needs. Even Though 9-10 million African slaves were around for the next five centuries.

Not all of the slaves were African American there were different slaves like the American Indians.

The major Atlantic slave-trading nations, ordered by trade volume, were the Portuguese, the British, the Spanish, the French, the Dutch, and the Danish. Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Vol. 2nd ed., New ed, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

The African slave trade have long been thought to have had a negative impact on African economic development through their erosion of political institutions. Less attention has been paid to the emergence of abnormal sex ratios on the African continent at the time of the slave trades. A higher percentage of male slaves were exported in the transatlantic trade, whereas a higher percentage of female slaves were exported in the Indian Ocean Trade.

Although we would think that most of the slaves would be male, that is not the case and some of them are female slaves.

However, by the middle of the 17th century, slavery had hardened as a racial caste, with African slaves and their future offspring being legally the property of their owners, as children born to slave mothers were also slaves (partus sequitur ventrem). Dalton, John T. and Tin Cheuk Leung. "Why Is Polygyny More Prevalent in Western Africa? An African Slave Trade Perpective." Economic Developement and Cultural Change, vol. 62, no. 4, The Univerity of Chicago Press, 2014, pp. 599-632, https://doi.org/10.1086/676531.,