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Management is the action of assimilating people and resources and employing them to bring about desired goals and objectives. A manager achieves these goals by carefully designing a system to efficiently utilize the available people and resources within a given period of time so as to achieve the best possible outcomes. Management can be seen in different types and at different degrees. Every corporate office or company or any formal organization has a manager and a management plan which is used to carry out the operation of that company, which would ensure its seamless functioning and maximum productivity levels.

A manager is responsible for his works as well as the works of the people working under him and for the overall outcome of the works carried out. The manager acts as the connecting channel within the organizational system connecting the different links to create a collaborative result.

Content

1.      Etymology

2.      History

3.      Leadership

4.      Categories of management

4.1  As a process

4.2  As an activity

4.3  As a discipline

4.4  As a Science

4.5  As an art

5.      Planning

6.      Staffing

7.      Directing

8.      Controlling

9.      Problem solving

10.  Conclusion

Etymology

The term ‘manage’ comes from Italian word maneggiare meaning to handle, which in turn comes from two Latin words ‘manus’ and ‘agree’ meaning hand and to act respectively.

History

Many argue that management is a late modern concept. But evidence of management can be traced back to ancient period. The Sumerian traders showed characteristics of management in the ancient period. The builders of pyramid, has showcased management skills in the construction procedures although this was more oppressive nature of management rather than modern day form of interactive management. Later on the texts, the numerals etc. made the management and its recording simpler.

Leadership

Leadership is an important quality that a manager should possess if he or she hopes to become a successful manager. The manager should be able to bring all the differences among the workers together and project it as a single unified group with required characteristics and organizations.

A leader should be able to deal with both adaptive and technical problems. In case of an adaptive problem, there will not be any trained professional in front of the leader or manager. There may not be any written or established rules tailor made for the particular situation or problem. Such a situation exhibits the leadership qualities and adaptive skills of the manager, which would be the only key to overcome such a situation. A good leader should have emotional intelligence. He or she should be able to accommodate his feeling as well as the feelings of other people in the organization. He or she should show organizational justice. The practice of honesty and justice should be followed. Every one under the management should feel valued and considered. A new leader should be open to development and updates. New technologies, strategies should be incorporated whenever a leader feels that the desired result is not obtained or better results is possible to be obtained.

Categories of management

As a process

Management is a process commenced to accomplish a certain goal. This goal can be a better customer base for the company, increased profit rates, skill development, better productivity, cost reduction, profit maximization etc. All the smaller processes are integrated and channeled properly to carry out the bigger process.

As an activity

Management is the activity of organizing all the daily activities. This allows the employees to properly set their priorities for different activities. Activity management is the key factor to the successful running of a company as it enables to determine the direction of the business. It also increases the efficiency of the different activities carried out.

As a discipline

Management includes the study of actions and principles to be employed for administration duties. A manager needs to adhere to a code of conduct while carrying out his responsibilities. It is the manner in which the human resources and other resources available should be utilized to achieve efficient results and desired goals. There may be different ways in which a manager can run his tasks and operate the organization. The manager chooses the best suited way for a particular situation and for that particular company.

As a science

Management is in every way a science in which, different variables are taken into account and the mutual relations between these variables are designed. Management, like any other science includes different tests and observations of different policies, theories and recording of their results. If it is found that a particular policy is not suited for the given situation, another theory or policy or plan would be implemented.

As an art

Like any other art management is a body of knowledge. Creativity and skills are essential to carry out management tasks in an efficient way. Sometimes the application of the acquired knowledge may not solve a particular management crisis or may not bring about the efficient results that are desired. In such cases the creativity of the individual with his or her skills should be employed to tackle the situation. The resulting solutions may not be conventional but may be revolutionary and more productive and beneficial.

Planning

Planning is the first and foremost part of management. It refers to the creation of set of rules or organizational guidelines today so as to ensure the proper running of the organization in the future. The planning lays the foundation of the management process. The planning procedure determines where a company would emerge to in its future, its limits, and its possibilities. It is in a way prediction of the future and an effort to control the events that would happen in the future. If the planning is not properly done or is a failure, then the management process fails and the company would fail in turn. A proper planning strategy would accommodate internal and external parameters. The external parameters includes the availability of resources, like capital, materials and other factors such as market trends, inflation etc. The internal factors include the workforce, resource allocation, limited growth opportunities etc.

Staffing

Staffing refers to the hiring and retaining of the workforce for the company by the manager. It includes hiring, training, compensation and then evaluation of the workforce. Human resources are the most important factor of any organization. The amount and type of works that can be offered by different people, their skill level and creativity all would be different from people to people. So in addition to the technical and operational knowledge the manager should be versed with the sociological and psychological aspects of the staffs.

Directing

Directive involves leadership, communicating and motivating the workforce. Leadership involves providing guidelines and instructions to the entire workforce whether in managerial posts or non-managerial posts about how the system is going to function. The manager should ensure open communication so as to ensure free flow of information to the subordinates and any communications to the manager from the subordinates. Motivating is a very important part of management. Motivated workforce would perform much more efficiently and would produce much refined and productive results. The manager should understand the different issues the subordinates face and the nature of the tasks that they are given and should provide motivation and reinforce their minds to ensure their efficiency.

Controlling

Controlling is carried out to make sure that the work is carried out according to the pre-arranged plans. Any deviations would be noted and corrected timely so that the system can follow the predetermined plan. Standards of work performance are established and the performance is evaluated. These are then compared to the set standards. Any deviation if found, is corrected with appropriate corrective measures.

Problem solving

A good manager must be able to tackle any problems that may arise during the plan implementation. The process of problem solving begins with the identification of the problem or situation. Then different solutions and ways to deal with the problems are found. The best suited solution is then administered. It is the ability of a manager to work under pressure situations and manage the system when the situations are not normal or favorable. If the manager is found to have great problem solving skills, that differentiates him or her from the other members of his or her team. The fact that the manager has excellent problem solving skills instills confidence in the subordinates and reinforces their belief in his or her management skills. This would in turn create a stable working environment and result in organized procedures and better productivity.

Conclusion

Management is the practice, science or art of assimilating and regulating people and all the supportive resources in order to bring out the best output from them and thus to achieve a common goal. Management involves different procedures like planning, staffing, directing and controlling. A good manager should always have the best problem solving skills. A good manager should know how his subordinates can be brought together and how to use their potential in the most productive way possible. He or she should be able to win the trust of the people being managed and should be worthy and capable of keeping up that trust consistently.