User:AshRecord/sandbox

Effector (Biology)

(Evaluation)

Description:

Neutral and concise, all information relevant to topic of page. Could be expanded, lacks citations

Only caveat: " In some cases, proteins can be considered to function as effector molecules, especially in cellular signal transduction cascades." Meaning? "Protein" is somewhat vague. Page does not specify what type of protein, or give any additional information on this apparent substitute other than a specific function. More information is needed.

Examples:

Same as references, other than that seems acceptable

Types:

Keep as original, no major improvements needed. (Maybe short description on activators and inhibitors? Probably not necessary though)

References:

Lacks recent research (most recent example is from 2013, most older)

Expand. There are only four citations, more are needed for validity.

(Rough draft (Edits))

Effector (biochemistry) Description:

Other examples of effector functions in biochemistry include hormone signaling and immune response.

In some cases, specific proteins serve the same role as effector molecules (note: small molecules refers to organic compounds similar in size to amino acids or RNA strands. Most effector molecules are therefor much smaller than individual proteins, which consist of many amino acids). One example of this is in cellular signal transduction cascades.

Examples:

Antibody Effectors are effectors involved with the production and secretion of molecules involved in pathogen defense, such as Immunoglobulin. Many antibodies then act as effector molecules for the immune system of the organism, typically as enzyme activators.

Bacterial effector proteins are injected by (usually pathogenic) bacterial cells into the cells of their host. The injected proteins serve different functions dependent on the bacteria of origin, but typically serve the purpose of inhibiting the host cells immune response.

References:

Lebeer, Sarah, et al. "Identification of probiotic effector molecules: present state and future perspectives." Current opinion in biotechnology 49 (2018): 217-223.

Oostindie, S.C., Lazar, G.A., Schuurman, J. et al. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 21, 715–735 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8

Samuel Wagner, Iwan Grin, Silke Malmsheimer, Nidhi Singh, Claudia E Torres-Vargas, Sibel Westerhausen, Bacterial type III secretion systems: a complex device for the delivery of bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, FEMS Microbiology Letters, Volume 365, Issue 19, October 2018, fny201, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fny201