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= Cancer Epigenetics =

Article Evaluation
All information that is on the cancer epigenetics page is correct and easy to understand. In "Cancer subtypes" there should be more information, especially in skin cancer and leukemia. References seem to be working and cited properly. Intro needs more sentences added to transition into the details it mentions.

Skin Cancer
Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer that originates from melanocytes. Several epigenetic alterations are known to play a role in the transition of melanocytes to melanoma cells. This includes DNA methylation that can be inherited without making changes to the DNA sequence, as well as silencing the tumor suppressor genes in the epidermis that have been exposed to UV radiation for periods of time (S. Kateyar 2011). The silencing of tumor suppressor genes leads to photocarcinogenesis which is associated to epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferases, and histone acetylation (S. Kateyar 2011). These alterations are the consequence of deregulation of their corresponding enzymes. Several histone methyltransferases and demethylases are among these enzymes.


 * What epidemic alterations are known?

Resources
Katiyar, S., Singh, T., Prasad, R., Sun, Q., & Vaid, M. (2011, November 17). Epigenetic Alterations in Ultraviolet Radiation‐Induced Skin Carcinogenesis: Interaction of Bioactive Dietary Components on Epigenetic Targets†. Retrieved November 01, 2020, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01020.x

Leukemia
Recent studies have shown that the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene causes leukemia by rearranging and fusing with other genes in different chromosomes, which is a process under epigenetic control. Mutations in MLL block the correct regulatory regions in leukemia associated translocations or insertions causing malignant transformation controlled by HOX genes (N. Angela, 2018). This is what leads to the increase in white blood cells. Leukemia related genes are managed by the same pathways that control epigenetics, signaling transduction, transcriptional regulation, and energy metabolism. It was indicated that infections, electromagnetic fields and increased birthweight can contribute to being the causes of leukemia.


 * MLL gene rearranges and fuses with what other genes?
 * Does that on what chromosomes?

Resources
Nebbioso, Angela, et al. "Cancer Epigenetics: Moving Forward." PLoS Genetics, vol. 14, no. 6, 2018''. ProQuest'', https://search-proquest-com.portal.lib.fit.edu/docview/2070861998?accountid=27313, doi: http://dx.doi.org.portal.lib.fit.edu/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007362.

Butcher, J. (2001). Electromagnetic fields may cause leukaemia in children. The Lancet, 357(9258), 777. doi: http://dx.doi.org.portal.lib.fit.edu/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71207-1

Cancer Epigenetics Intro
Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence, but instead involve a change in the way the genetic code is expressed. Epigenetic mechanisms are necessary to maintain normal sequences of tissue specific gene expression and are crucial for normal development (Sharma, 2010). They may be just as important, or even more important, than genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer. The disturbance of epigenetic processes in cancers, can lead to loss of expression of genes that occurs about 10 times more frequently by transcription silencing (caused by epigenetic promoter hypermethylation of CpG islands) than by mutations. As Vogelstein et al. point out, in a colorectal cancer there are usually about 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. However, in colon tumors compared to adjacent normal-appearing colonic mucosa, there are about 600 to 800 heavily methylated CpG islands in promoters of genes in the tumors while these CpG islands are not methylated in the adjacent mucosa. Manipulation of epigenetic alterations holds great promise for cancer prevention, detection, and therapy. In different types of cancer, a variety of epigenetic mechanisms can be perturbed, such as silencing of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes by altered CpG island methylation patterns, histone modifications, and dysregulation of DNA binding proteins. Several medications which have epigenetic impact are now used in several of these diseases.


 * Sentences to flow from first sentence to second
 * Why are they important?

Resources
Sharma, S., Kelly, T. K., & Jones, P. A. (2010). Epigenetics in cancer. Carcinogenesis, 31(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp220